
Class i ^_ 

Book L , 



Copyright N . 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSE. 



TOBACCO 



BY 

BRUCE FINK 

Professor of Botany in Miami University 




THE ABINGDON PRESS 
NEW YORK CINCINNATI 






Copyright, 19 IS, by 
BRUCE FINK 



QEC -81915 

©O.A414986 



* CONTENTS 

PAGE 

3 Introduction 5 

% Boys and Tobacco 11 

Tobacco and Delinquency among Boys 18 

Expert Views Regarding Tobacco 22 

The Cigarette in Particular 32 

r- Tobacco and Degeneracy 39 

5 VThe Attitude of Business toward Tobacco 45 

**The Money Spent for Tobacco 53 

The Relation of Tobacco to Other Drug Habits 60 

Tobacco in Colleges and Universities 67 

The Smoking Man and His Influence 81 

• Diet and the Tobacco Habit 89 

How to Combat Tobacco 95 

Summary and Conclusion 107 

Bibliography m 



INTRODUCTION 

Tobacco belongs to the genus Kicoiiaua, which con- 
tains about fifty species and many varieties, and is a 
member of the poisonous nightshade family. Nicotiana 
tabacum, with its many varieties, is the source of nearly 
all commercial tobaccos. The varieties differ consider- 
ably with respect to the amount of nicotine present, but 
they all contain more or less of this poisonous alkaloid 
and other irritating or poisonous principles. Nicotine, 
pyridine, picoline, lutidine, collidine, and other volatile 
and poisonous alkaloids have been found in tobacco 
smoke. Furfural, an aldehyde said to be fifty times 
as poisonous as alcohol, and acrolein, another very irri- 
tating aldehyde, are now known to be by-products of 
certain forms of smoking, and are probably developed 
through combination of certain elements present in 
tobacco with glycerine, sugar, licorice, saltpeter, or 
other substances introduced, especially in the manufac- 
ture of cigarettes/) The study of the poisonous alkaloids 
and aldehydes present in tobacco or developed in smok- 
ing is, like most other branches of organic chemistry, 
in its infancy, and further studies will enable us to 
understand better just why tobacco has whatever effect 
it does have upon the user. 

However, we are not especially interested in tobacco 
from the botanical side, or even from the chemical point 
of view 7 . One may know by experience, by observation, 

5 



6 TOBACCO 

or by scientific study, the effects of tobacco on the 
human being without going into the chemistry of the 
matter extensively. Whether experience is a safe way 
to ascertain the merits of tobacco will appear as we 
proceed. Whether human interests demand a con- 
tinued increase in production and consumption of 
tobacco, or a cessation of these practices, the reader 
may conclude after reading the expert testimony to 
follow. 

That nicotine and the other alkaloids in tobacco 
are poisonous enough to kill in small doses has been 
demonstrated many times. Indeed, they are among the 
most poisonous substances known to the medical pro- 
fession or to chemical science. The question that in- 
terests us is whether the tobacco addict escapes all of 
these. Of the little-known aldehydes, furfural and 
acrolein, Dr. D. H. Kress, Thomas A. Edison, and the 
European experts tell us that the former acts power- 
fully on lung tissue and induces pulmonary tubercu- 
losis, while the latter causes permanent degeneration 
of the cells of the nervous system, including those of 
the brain, and thus weakens the mental faculties. These 
experts think that the cigarette smoker may suffer even 
more from these two aldehydes than from ail of the 
poisonous alkaloids. In the data to follow much has 
been charged to nicotine, for which other alkaloids and 
the aldehydes are in part responsible ; but it is, after all, 
the combined effect of all of these that interests us 
mainly rather than the technical aspects of the problem. 

Like many other persons, the writer has had an 
opinion about the tobacco problem, based on observa- 



INTRODUCTION 7 

tion and some study for many years ; but only recently 
has he given the matter careful study. In his first 
article occurs the following passage: "A majority of 
mature men, whether they use tobacco or not, will 
admit that one is better off without it. Most fathers 
will think seriously on this question if they have sons 
of their own, especially if these sons are nearing man- 
hood. The habit is expensive, offensive to many 
people, and injurious to the health of many men. As 
a father, I hold that no meeting should invite my boy 
and place this temptation before him in such a way that 
he will feel that the habit is popular and countenanced 
as a good thing." 

During an experience of more than a quarter of a 
century as a student and a teacher in colleges and uni- 
versities, I had felt that these institutions, in holding 
"smokers" and in popularizing a habit of doubtful 
merit in other ways, w r ere doing a seriously questionable 
thing. However, I knew well enough that my opinion 
could have little value until I had given the subject 
careful consideration. 

Many of our best and most able men use tobacco. 
Though nearly all of these men will admit that the 
drug has injured their health and decreased their power 
of accomplishing good work, they continue in large 
numbers to set the example before their own boys and 
those of other people, while some of them are sensitive 
about any statement regarding the questionable nature 
of their indulgence. One may discourse about alcohol, 
morphine, cocaine, or opium without being charged 
with eccentricity by anyone whose opinion is worth 



8 TOBACCO 

while. But we have become so accustomed to tobacco 
that we scarcely give a thought to the importance of 
the problems involved in its enormous consumption. 
Consequently, commendation of tobacco would be a 
most pleasant duty, while criticism of it is a most 
unpleasant one. 

However distasteful the task may be, the inroads that 
tobacco has made into institutions of higher learning 
and into the public schools, as well as the surprising 
extent to which it has taken possession of other citizens 
of various ages and both sexes, require that as much 
publicity as possible should be given to the results of 
careful observation and scientific study of the tobacco 
habit. 

In what follows, a good deal of attention is given 
to the results of careful studies of conditions found in 
various educational institutions, partly because the 
writer has had this matter thrust upon him as a teacher 
of boys and young men from the grammar grades to 
the graduate student, partly because many of the most 
valuable studies are those made in connection with 
schools of various grades, but mainly because whatever 
is accomplished must be done through such a systematic 
campaign of education regarding the effects of tobacco- 
using as may give us in time a generation that will 
have an enlightened conviction regarding the real 
nature of tobacco. This campaign must be carried on 
through public schools, colleges and universities, vari- 
ous civic and religious organizations, and it must finally 
succeed through an enlightened public sentiment. 

The conditions existing- in colleges and universities 



INTRODUCTION 9 

show either great ignorance of the effects of the habit, 
or inexcusable carelessness regarding the issues at 
stake ; but the most deplorable results occur when boys 
of high-school age begin to use tobacco. For the condi- 
tions found among boys and young men, older men, 
many of them teachers in public schools and colleges, 
are largely responsible in one way or another. Finding 
this to be true and having examined abundant statistics 
which showed much worse results than had been sus- 
pected, there seemed to be no possible justification for 
giving up the work without laying bare more of the 
deplorable facts found. This has been done, not with 
the thought that one person can accomplish much, but 
rather for the purpose of interesting others and show- 
ing how we may organize forces for the fight against 
the tobacco habit, which many careful workers think 
is the greatest drug evil confronting modern civiliza- 
tion. 

Since college students in fraternity houses and else- 
where are popularizing tobacco, since many fraternities 
cannot even entertain ladies without inflicting tobacco 
on them, since alumni of these institutions, in their 
social gatherings, place cigars and cigarettes before 
unsuspecting undergraduates, and since members of 
faculties indulge in the presence of students and pros- 
pective students, the wonder is not that a college man 
here and there is giving serious attention to this matter, 
but rather that many institutions have paid so little 
heed to their responsibility with respect to tobacco. 
Knowing from observation, that conditions were 
scarcely better in the public schools and throughout 



io TOBACCO 

country districts, villages, towns, and cities, a sense 
of responsibility, especially as a teacher of young men, 
led the writer from one study to another, until many 
phases of the tobacco problem had been covered. 

The first studies leading to the present volume were 
undertaken as chairman of a committee advisory to 
President R. M. Hughes, of Miami University. These, 
published in September, 19 13, primarily for Miami stu- 
dents, have been called for in various high schools and 
colleges in considerable numbers, and contain hard 
facts which should convince any serious-minded college 
student or college professor that he is, to say the least, 
treading a doubtful path when he takes up the tobacco 
habit, or when he encourages another in it if he already 
has acquired it himself. 

This volume is based more directly on The Tobacco 
Habit, twenty-five hundred copies of which were pub- 
lished in 1914. The work was called for in large 
numbers, and the requests reached the full number of 
copies within eight months of the time of publication. 
On account of the demand for literature of a similar 
nature, the present volume was undertaken. Some of 
the less important matter included in the previous 
publication has been replaced by important items that 
were found in the interim. The selection of material 
was made from a large amount of literature examined, 
and it is hoped that this volume will be found consider- 
ably more valuable than the one published a year ago. 

The quotations which follow are taken from respon- 
sible persons, to whom thanks are due for the privilege 
of using many valuable statements. 



BOYS AXD TOBACCO 

The campaign against tobacco must be one of edu- 
cation, directed mainly toward saving the boys from its 
effects. The vice is commercialized, and has gained 
such force that the fight will be a long and strenuous 
one, to which many persons must devote their best 
energies. Sentiment must be aroused in every com- 
munity so that many will aid in the work and see that 
the laws are enforced while the instruction goes on. 

We hope to give enough evidence to prove that no 
boy should begin to use tobacco ; and what will appear 
below could be multiplied many times. We will not 
review here any evidence from medical experts, but 
will reserve that for later pages. Xor will we reach 
here the consideration of delinquency and degeneracy, 
or the growing hostility of business toward tobacco ; 
but will only consider a few of the statistics gathered 
from the studies of superintendents, principals, and 
teachers in the public schools. 

A careful study of the effect of tobacco on high 
school boys at Highland Park, Illinois, is given in The 
School Review. Xot a single graduate of the school 
was a habitual smoker while in school. The 45 quitters 
were all smokers and in poor standing in their classes, 
their average grades being below the passing mark. 
The average grade of 77 non-smokers was 84 per cent, 
of 24 reformed smokers 79 per cent, of 55 smokers 76 

11 



12 TOBACCO 

per cent. The grades of those who had recently learned 
to smoke had fallen from 85 per cent to 78 per cent. 
One boy who was smoking heavily quit, and his grades 
came up 10 per cent within six weeks. Principal R. L. 
Sandwick gives some excellent arguments with his 
statistics. We will consider more startling statistics 
from other sources, but none which indicate more 
clearly a direct relation between the tobacco habit and 
poor scholarship. 

The United Presbyterian has published the follow- 
ing from statistics compiled by H. L. Smith, Super- 
intendent of the Bloomington, Indiana, schools: 

Retardation 

Average Average Excess 
GRADES age of age of Xon- age of 

smokers smokers smokers 

First 9.1/ 7o8 1.59 

Second 9.66 8.51 1.15 

Third 10.68 9.36 1.32 

Fourth 12.6 10 . 55 2 . 05 

Fifth 14.22 12.21 2.01 

Sixth 13.62 12.42 1.20 

Seventh 14.67 13.32 1.35 

Eighth 15.12 14.65 .47 

HIGH SCHOOL 

Ninth 16.47 15-55 -9 2 

Tenth 16.75 16.17 .58 

Eleventh 18. 17-^7 -73 

Twelfth 17.55 17-22 .33 

Conclusions 

1. "Smokers are distinctly older than non-smokers, having 
failed in their work much more frequently. 

2. "Smokers are doing distinctly poorer work than non- 
smokers. 



BOYS AXD TOBACCO 13 

3. "Smokers are disciplined much more frequently and for 
more serious offenses than non-smokers." 

Professor Smith also found that non-smokers failed 
in 10 per cent of their work, occasional smokers in 
18.7 per cent, and habitual smokers in 29 per cent. The 
number of pupils involved in the investigation was 950, 
and the figures are so significant that they should con- 
vince every boy, every parent, and every educator. 
The results are doubtless in part directly due to inferior 
character, or to some condition of environment of the 
boy who uses tobacco ; but in any case, no self-respect- 
ing, high-minded boy will want to be found in such 
company after the facts are placed before him. 

An article by P. L. Lord published in the Xew York 
School Journal, gives the results of investigations on 
200 boys who smoked cigarettes and an equal number 
who did not. The reports were made by 10 teachers, 
who observed boys from 10 to 17 years old, chosen by 
lot in their schools, studied them for several months, 
and reported to Mr. Lord impartially. Whatever the 
relationship between the cigarette habit and the aston- 
ishingly bad showing made by boys who had the habit, 
a study of the tabulation below should arouse every 
boy worth saving, every parent who cares for his boy, 
every teacher, and every man who sets the example of 
smoking. The following is Mr. Lord's tabulation of 
the appalling relations : 

Smokers Non-smokers 

Nervous 14 1 

Impaired hearing 13 1 

Poor memory 12 1 



14 



TOBACCO 



Smokers Non -smokers 

Bad manners 16 2 

Low deportment 13 1 

Poor physical condition 12 2 

Bad moral condition 14 o 

Bad mental condition 18 1 

Street loafers 16 o 

Out nights 15 o 

Careless in dress 12 4 

Not neat and clean 12 1 

Truants 10 o 

Low rank in studies 18 3 

Failed of promotion 79 times 2 times 

Older than average of grade. 19 2 

Untruthful 9 o 

Slow thinkers 19 3 

Poor workers or not able to 

work continuously 17 o 

Superintendent H. D. Hervey, of Maiden, Massa- 
chusetts, obtained, with the aid of his teachers, the 
following convincing statistics on relative physical, 
mental, and moral conditions of smokers and non- 
smokers in his schools : 



Smokers Non-smokers 

Undersized 15 2 

Weazen 12 1 

Unkempt 17 o 

Sallow 20 o 

Weak 12 o 

Often sick 10 1 

Headache 14 1 

Sore eyes 7 o 

Lazy 34 o 

Nervous 22 1 



BOYS AND TOBACCO 15 

Mental Characteristics 

Smokers Non-smokers 

Dull 24 1 

Unable to think at times 31 o 

Mentally dwarfed 12 o 

Incapable of sustained atten- 
tion 35 o 

Poor memory 26 o 

Poor reasoning powers 29 1 

Moral Characteristics 

Weak of will 32 1 

Coward 15 o 

Liar 16 o 

Degenerate 7 o 

Vulgar 12 o 

Influence bad 15 o 

Disobedient 18 1 

Disrespectful 11 o 

Truant 16 o 

We quote as follows from Mr. Hervey's conclusion : 
"Boys may use tobacco because they are physically and 
mentally weak and morally unsound, or they may be- 
come physically, mentally, and morally impaired be- 
cause they use tobacco, or each factor may be partly 
cause and partly effect. In any event, the results of 
this study would seem to indicate that a close con- 
nection exists between low mentality, physical weak- 
ness, moral delinquency, and cigarette smoking. If 
this be true, the cigarette, far from being the sign of 
manliness and of superior intelligence, should be re- 
garded as the badge of the physical weakling, the 
mentally incompetent, and the morally unsound/' 



16 TOBACCO 

Superintendent Hervey also gives the following data 
regarding 40 smoking and 40 non-smoking pupils, 
chosen by lots from the grades and the high school. 
The statement involves items not in the table above: 
"The average age of the smokers was 13 years, 2.9 
months, and the non-smokers 11 years, 9.37 months. 
From this it would appear that those who use tobacco 
are one year, 5.5 months older for their grades than are 
those who do not use tobacco. The cause for this will 
appear more evident later on. The average height of 
the smokers was 55.87 inches, while for the non- 
smokers it was 56.1 inches. That is, notwithstanding 
the fact that those who do not use tobacco are almost a 
year and a half younger, they actually average .23 of an 
inch taller. From a table prepared by Dr. Franz Boos, 
showing the average height of 45,151 boys in Boston, 
Saint Louis, Milwaukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oak- 
land, the 40 smokers w r ere 1.13 inches shorter than they 
should be for their age, while the non-smokers were 
about 2 inches taller than the average. The average 
weight of the smokers was 85.45 pounds and of the 
non-smokers it was 81.92. According to the table of 
Dr. Boos, boys of the age of the smokers should w T eigh 
82.8 pounds, and boys of the age of the non-smokers 
should weigh J2.2 pounds. From this it would appear 
that, while the smokers weigh 2.62 pounds more than 
the average, the non-smokers weigh 9.72 pounds more 
than the average, a difference of 7.1 pounds in favor 
of the non-smokers. Of the smokers, 33 had normal 
vision and 6 had poor vision, while of the non-smokers 
all had normal vision. Of the smokers, none stood 



BOYS AND TOBACCO 17 

excellent in his studies, 2 ranked as good, 12 as fair, 
26 as poor. Of the non-smokers, 15 ranked as excel- 
lent, 14 as good, 11 as fair, and not one as poor. Of 
the smokers, 8 had failed of promotion once, 14 had 
failed twice, 8 had failed three times, and 1 four times, 
making a total of 64 failures. In other words, 31 boys 
out of the 40 had failed of promotion one or more 
times/' 

Hundreds of statements regarding the injurious 
effects of tobacco on boys could be quoted, but nothing 
could be added to the evidence contained in the data 
from the various studies given above. The facts stated 
should be sufficient to keep any boy who cares for a 
good, strong character from entering the ranks of the 
smokers. 



TOBACCO AND DELINQUENCY AMONG 
BOYS 

Cigarette smoking is, for the most part, the way in 
which boys use tobacco. Therefore, what is given here 
will be largely directed against this most dangerous 
form of the tobacco evil. There are many ideas of the 
effects of the cigarette. They have been ascribed to 
the poison in the paper, to poisonous substances put into 
the tobacco, and to the quality of the tobacco used ; 
but all of these views are partly incorrect. The form 
of the cigarette and the looseness of the tobacco in it 
lend themselves to inhaling. This in turn sends the 
tobacco through a large part of the respiratory tract 
and greatly increases the area from which the poison- 
ous substances in tobacco are absorbed. 

There is probably no greater drug curse being forced 
upon humanity than the cigarette trade; and yet we 
complacently watch the effect of the tobacco trust to 
put the cigarette into the mouth of every boy and every 
young man, often in criminal violation of law. These 
young persons usually know not that many experts 
regard their tobacco-inhaling vice as deadly as opium 
using, and go thoughtlessly on, sometimes encouraged 
by men who need informing on the subject quite as 
much as do the boys. 

George Torrence, former superintendent of the 
Illinois State Reformatory, writes thus: "Of 278 boys 

18 



DELINQUENCY AMONG BOYS 19 

between the ages of 10 and 15 in the Illinois State 
Reformatory, when the investigation was made in 
1899, 92 per cent were found in the habit of smoking 
cigarettes at the time they were committed. Even 
more astonishing is the fact that 85 per cent had so 
become addicted to their use as to be classed at this 
time as cigarette fiends." 

Magistrate Leroy B. Crane, of New York City, says: 
"Out of 300 boys brought before me charged with vari- 
ous crimes, 295 were cigarette smokers. This surely 
goes to prove that the boys who do not smoke do not 
stray into the path that leads to the police court. Con- 
gress should stop the manufacture, sale, and importa- 
tion of cigarettes. Ninety-nine out of 100 boys between 
the ages of 10 and 17 years who come before me 
charged with crime have their fingers disfigured by 
yellow cigarette stain. I am not a crank on this sub- 
ject. I do not care to pose as a reformer, but it is my 
opinion that cigarettes will do more than liquor to ruin 
boys." 

Dr. B. Broughton, in charge of opium fiends and 
other narcotic patients in the Keeley hospital, at 
Dwight, Illinois, says : "More young men are led to the 
opium habit by cigarette smoking than by patent and 
proprietary medicines. Sixty per cent of all males 
under forty years of age, treated at Dwight for opium, 
morphine, or cocaine using, in 1896, had been smokers 
of cigarettes, and 60 per cent of these had no other 
excuse than that they needed some stimulant more than 
the cigarettes furnished them." 

Dr. L. Bremer, formerly physician at the Saint 



20 TOBACCO 

Vincent Institution for the Insane, at Saint Louis, once 
said: "There is an alarming increase of juvenile smok- 
ers, and, basing my assertion on the experience gained 
in private practice and at the Saint Vincent institution, 
I will broadly state that the boy who smokes at seven 
will drink whisky at fourteen, take to morphine at 
twenty-live, and wind up with cocaine and the rest of 
the narcotics at thirty and later on." 

The boy's judge, the well-known Ben Lindsey, says: 
"One of the very worst habits in boyhood is the ciga- 
rette habit. This has long been recognized by all the 
judges of the courts that deal with young criminals 
and especially by judges of police courts, before whom 
thousands of men appear every year who are addicted 
to intemperate habits. These judges know that in 
nearly every case the drunken sots who appear before 
them, a disgrace to their parents, themselves, and the 
state, began as boys smoking cigarettes. One bad 
habit led to another. The nicotine and poison in the 
cigarette created an appetite for alcoholic drink. The 
cigarette habit not only had a grip upon them in boy- 
hood, but it invited all the other demons of habit to 
come in and acid to the degradation that the cigarette 
began." 

These quotations show the relation of the cigarette 
habit to other drug habits and agree with expert 
opinion to be given later. Superintendent C. B. Adams, 
of the boys' Industrial School at Lancaster. Ohio, has 
said : "In this institution we have over a thousand boys, 
most of whom were cigarette smokers at the time they 
were committed here. I do not mean to say that thev 



DELINQUENCY AMONG BOYS 21 

were committed for smoking cigarettes, but most of 
them had the habit. I believe that cigarettes are injuri- 
ous in every way : they dwarf the boy, dull the intellect, 
and numb the sense of good morals. Boys having this 
habit do not seem to appreciate the difference between 
right and wrong. After these boys are committed here 
and consequently have no further opportunity to 
smoke, they seem to take on a better moral tone. Ciga- 
rette smoking is indirectly responsible for a great deal 
of crime and the cause of a large number of boys being 
sent to this school." 

More evidence could be given of the responsibility of 
tobacco for these evils among boys, but the above state- 
ments from experts seem sufficient. 



EXPERT VIEWS REGARDIXG TOBACCO 

In running through a large amount of literature from 
various sources of special study, not a single article has 
been found,, written in the last twenty-five years, that 
does not condemn tobacco to a greater or less degree. 
A small proportion of experts state that when used by 
men in moderation, tobacco produces no bad effects 
that can be measured ; but these writers do not state 
that there are no bad effects and always advise against 
the habit. Scientific results given below show that 
there are always bad effects, in proportion to the 
amount used, varying with the constitution of the user. 
Finally, all authorities strongly condemn the use of 
tobacco in any amount among boys, and nearly all are 
strongly against its use by men. We probably could 
produce no recent expert authority that would openly 
and unqualifiedly advocate the use of tobacco for any- 
one. Experts believe that a large part of the high 
death rate for men of about fifty years is due to tobacco. 
The careful studies of six Canadian insurance com- 
panies find the mortality rate for smokers to increa-e 
in about the same proportion as for drinkers. This 
will surprise many, but here are the figures : 

Abstain- Rare Temper- Moder- 
e:s users ate ate 

Tobacco 59 71 84 93 

Alcohol 57 -2 84 125 



EXPERT VIEWS 23 

Xotice that no figures are given for tobacco fiends, 
who are seldom taken as risks. Yet where is the man 
who wants to take the chances represented by these 
figures, prepared not by reformers, but by business con- 
cerns that need to know the facts? One insurance 
company has estimated that the use of tobacco shortens 
life on an average of eight years. 

Dr. T. D. Crothers says in Life and Health : 
"Accounts of persons who have used tobacco for years 
without injury are found on examination to be untrue. 
It is doubtful if any person who uses tobacco continu- 
ously is not enfeebled in mind and body, although the 
damage may not appear from a casual examination." 

Dr. L. Bremer, late physician to the Saint Vincent 
Institution for the Insane, Saint Louis, Missouri, says : 
"Many smokers who are told that tobacco is at the 
bottom of their ailments expect that with abolishing 
the cause, the effect will cease immediately. The mis- 
chief done by a chronic disease of any kind takes 
months, nay years, to undo by strict hygienic living." 

The following from Wood's Materia Medica is a 
fair sample of statements to be found in hundreds of 
medical works : "Nicotine is one of the most powerful 
poisons known. A drop of it in a concentrated form 
was found sufficient to kill a dog, and small birds 
perished at the approach of a tube containing it/' 

M. Orfila, former president of the Paris Medical 
Academy, says: "Tobacco is the most subtle poison 
known to the chemist, except the deadly prussic acid." 

The late Dr. J. W. Seaver, of Yale University, writes 
as follows: "Somebodv has said that, in the combus- 



24 TOBACCO 

tion of tobacco in smoking, the nicotine is entirely 
destroyed, broken up to oils and acids, and that the 
nicotine itself is not taken into the system. The com- 
bustion of tobacco under ordinary conditions does not 
destroy the drug. Kissling recovered 52 per cent of 
it from the smoke of a sample containing 3.75 per cent 
of nicotine and from another sample 84 per cent." 

Dr. Charles L. Hamilton, of the Leslie E. Keeley 
Co., says : "Tobacco smoke contains, in addition to the 
nicotine, various deleterious substances, such as pyri- 
dine, lutidine, cyanogen, and about 9.3 per cent of 
carbonic acid gas. Hence, persons who smoke tobacco 
get not only the harmful effects of nicotine, but an 
exceedingly irritating oil, several harmful gases, and 
particularly carbon dioxide, which is known to be very 
deadly when inhaled." Dr. Hamilton has not at- 
tempted to name all the poisonous substances in 
tobacco, but only a few of them. 

Dr. L. E. Keeley, the expert on the effects of tobacco, 
says : "Tobacco enfeebles digestion, produces emaci- 
ation and general debility. It lays the foundation for 
nearly every nervous disorder now common to the 
American people. It produces amaurosis and color- 
blindness, epilepsy, bronchitis, rheumatism and asthma, 
dyspepsia and catarrh, tobacco heart, and cancer of the 
stomach." 

The following admissions of the tobacco trade are 
from E. A. King: "A very significant statement is 
made by Cope's Tobacco Plant, a journal of the trade. 
It says : Tew things could be more pernicious to grow- 
ing youths and persons of unformed constitution than 



EXPERT VIEWS 25 

the use of tobacco in any of its forms/ Another writer 
testifies that the smoking of the cigarette lowers vitality, 
lessens bodily vigor, unfits the victim for concentrated 
study, and is usually associated with low morals and 
with the practice of other vices." 

Dr. Solly, surgeon of Saint Thomas Hospital, Eng- 
land, and an expert in diseases of the brain and the 
nervous system, says : "I know of no single vice which 
does so much harm as smoking. It is a snare and a 
delusion. It soothes the excited nervous system at the 
time, to render it more irritable and feeble ultimately. 
I have had large experience in brain diseases, and I 
am satisfied that smoking is a most noxious habit. I 
know of no other cause or agent that so much tends 
to bring on functional disease, and through this in the 
end to lead to organic disease of the brain." 

The following extract is from an address delivered 
by Dr. G. F. Butler at Chicago : "In my work at the 
Detention Hospital, I find that licentiousness, resulting 
in venereal disease and alcoholism, is the principal 
cause of mental derangement. And one of the most 
pernicious incentives to improper indulgences is the 
excessive use of tobacco. Any agent which weakens 
the heart and so excites" the brain as to make it im- 
possible to concentrate the mind on one subject, as 
tobacco does in many cases, followed by failing 
memory, incontinuity of thought, nervous excitement 
with physical and sexual debility, and muscular 
tremors, is dangerous beyond all estimate, particularly 
for young people." 

Regarding the supposed benefits of using tobacco, 



26 TOBACCO 

Dr. Matthew Woods writes as follows : "Tobacco does 
not aid digestion. It does not prevent lean people from 
getting too lean, or stout people from getting too stout. 
It has no power to preserve the teeth from decay or to 
neutralize the poison of contagion. It is not a disin- 
fectant. Nor does it enable the student to pursue his 
studies with safety in the dissecting-room because of 
some mysterious power it exhibits over the morbific 
odors and vapors of the deadhouse, as a recent writer 
has asserted. It is not a remedy for asthma, or indi- 
gestion, or any other diseased condition. And indeed, 
it may be safe to say that it does not do any one of the 
hundred and one harmlessly beneficent things it is popu- 
larly supposed to do, while we positively know that it 
does at times produce outright, serious disturbances 
of the heart, nervous system, and mucous membranes, 
while its use on the part of the patient also limits and 
diminishes possibilities of recovery in other diseases." 

Dr. O. M. Stone, of Boston, writes thus : 'The idea 
that tobacco prevents disease is an error. A tobacco 
users chances of recovery from malignant disease are 
lessened fifty per cent." 

Captain G. B. Pettingill, who was many years com- 
mander of vessels between Boston and Cuba, and 
Mexico and South America, has said: "Very few 
tobacco users recover from yellow fever. I once lost 
half my crew with it in Havana. Every man who 
died used tobacco, and every one who lived did not 
use it." 

Dr. T. J. Harris, of the Xew York City dispensary, 
where more diseases are treated than in any other place 



EXPERT VIEWS 27 

in America, says: "It is scarcely possible to cure a 
syphilitic sore, or to unite a fractured bone in a devoted 

smoker." 

The noted Dr. John Lizars has said: "During the 
prevalence of cholera, I have had repeated oppor- 
tunities of observing that individuals addicted to the 
use of tobacco are more disposed to attacks of that 
disease, and generally in its most malignant and fatal 
form.'' 

In his book on Drugs and the Drug Habit, the well- 
known expert, H. Sainsbury, says : 'The pungent smoke 
of tobacco is a local irritant, and a chronic form of 
congestion of the throat and larynx is a frequent result 
of excessive smoking; the smoker's cough and the 
smoker's voice are familiar. The smoke absorbed into 
the system, a gastric disturbance may ensue and a 
marked functional disturbance of the heart, char- 
acterized by a feeble, irregular, or intermittent pulse 
and a tendency to palpitation; sometimes attacks of 
heart-pain simulating the breast-pang of angina occur. 
The nervous system may show its intolerance of 
tobacco by a tremulousness and unsteadiness of the 
muscles ; by attacks of giddiness, which, though in 
many cases referable to the gastric disturbance, are 
in other instances, seemingly, a distinct nervous effect : 
by neuralgias in various areas : possibly the attacks of 
heart-pain above-mentioned are of this nature. On the 
mental side the memory may suffer notably. Various 
severer affections have been attributed to tobacco 
excess, but the causation has not been established, and 
the occurrences have more probably been coincidences ; 



28 TOBACCO 

there is, however, one special nervous affection which 
is almost certainly assignable to tobacco poisoning, 
namely, impairment of sight, though it is doubtful 
whether even this ever leads up to true tissue changes, 
the amblyopia disappearing if the habit is checked. 

"There can be no doubt that all forms of excess are 
more resisted by the tissues of the adult than by those 
of the child, for the growing child, when compared 
with the adult, must stand as a relatively unstable 
organism and be more at the mercy of every disturbing 
cause. This consideration has special weight in respect 
of tobacco, since the habit is apt to take root at an 
early age, when development is proceeding actively. 
Here is a matter of national importance, which should 
occupy the attention of those interested in the physical 
welfare of the race." 1 

The following are further extracts on the effects of 
tobacco-using from the paper by Dr. T. D. Crothers in 
Life and Health. He says : "Though tobacco is one of 
the most widely used of narcotics, it is only recently 
that its poisonous effects have been carefully studied. 

"Its first use is often followed by such toxic symp- 
toms as pallor of the face, intense nausea, tremulous 
heart, and general muscular relaxation and prostration. 
Later, when it has been used for years, there is anemia, 
paleness, muscular trembling, with general nervous- 
ness and extreme debility. Though the signs which 
lead to the recognition of its effects are often obscure, 
and the degree of damage is frequently difficult to 
determine, it is certain that tobacco is ever a depressant 

1 Published by permission from E. P. Dutton & Company. 



EXPERT VIEWS 29 

and narcotic, and of necessity must injure the brain and 
nervous system. 

"Its first effects are on the sensory nerves, diminish- 
ing the acuteness of sight, hearing, and taste. Persons 
who use their eyes in delicate and exact work find that 
tobacco injures them ; and musicians who depend on 
the accuracy of their hearing in the recognition of 
sounds, very quickly give up tobacco, especially before 
doing any work that calls for accurate hearing. . The 
ability to perform any work requiring delicacy of touch 
is lessened after the use of tobacco. 

'"Persons whose work does not require a careful 
exercise of the special senses may use tobacco for some 
time without observing any resulting injury. Later, 
however, nervousness appears in the form of trembling, 
agitation, and loss of control. Foolishly enough, many 
persons smoke in order to experience a certain steadi- 
ness, but later they complain of increased nervousness. 
Finally, the heart gives evidence of this continuous 
narcotic influence, in its irregular action and signs of 
exhaustion. When tobacco is withdrawn entirely, this 
heart condition improves, and many nervous affections 
disappear. 

''Science proves with great positiveness that all use 
of tobacco is harmful, that it has no food value, that it 
gives neither strength, increased vigor, nor power to 
the user, and that its effects are depressant and narcotic 
in varying degrees, in some instances very marked, in 
others slow and concealed. 

"The fascination of tobacco comes from its narcotism 
and its power to diminish discomfort and uneasiness, 



30 TOBACCO 

and to lessen pain. The pipe or cigar always masks the 
bad feelings and the warnings of nature, and gives a 
false sense of security. It acts on the pain centers — 
the signal flags and warning voices of danger — by 
quieting them. 

"Vitality and longevity are diminished; and in 
reality the tobacco user is literally discounting his 
future for the temporary gratification of the present. 
Xo man or woman can expect to succeed and develop 
the full power of the brain and nervous system who 
uses tobacco. This is not theory, but can be proved by 
careful observation and study of every person who is 
addicted to the habit." 

We cannot take space for more quotations, but medi- 
cal records state that persons have been killed by sleep- 
ing in rooms where tobacco has been rasped, and that 
babies have been killed by tobacco smoke from the pipe 
or cigars of fathers. Women are often in ill health 
from tobacco fumes in their homes, and grown men 
are recorded killed from the fumes. Adult workers in 
tobacco factories are said to be often killed in four or 
five years by the tobacco fumes and dust, while boys 
often fall victims in a few months. These are strong 
statements, but he who cares to take the trouble can 
verify them from medical records. 

The volumes of evidence like the quotations above 
cannot be refuted. Some men attempt to justify the 
use of tobacco ; but he who asserts that his tobacco is 
not injuring him is, according to rapidly growing evi- 
dence, doing so in face of the fact that his habit is 
one of the greatest offenses against humanity. Tobacco 



EXPERT VIEWS 31 

is popular, and it is easy to drift with the current. But 
the campaign of education will some day turn the world 
against the vile and poisonous drug. 

Definite tests which prove that muscular and mental 
power are decreased to a measurable extent every time 
one uses tobacco appear later in this book. So the 
matter need only be mentioned here. 



THE CIGARETTE IN PARTICULAR 

We have already considered the cigarette evil some- 
what in dealing with the effects of tobacco upon school 
boys and with delinquency among boys. The cigarette 
will again share our attention when we reach the prob- 
lems of tobacco and degeneracy, the attitude of business 
toward tobacco, how to fight tobacco, tobacco in col- 
leges and universities, tobacco laws, and the relation 
of tobacco to other drug habits. As we take up these 
points one at a time, it will appear that the cigarette 
plays an important part in the evils of the tobacco 
habit, and particularly will it become apparent that 
the cigarette is responsible for a large part of the in- 
creasing hostility of business toward tobacco. 

We must now give attention mainly to the views of 
medical authorities and other experts regarding the 
effects of the cigarette habit, leaving largely those inci- 
dental features which have received, or will later 
receive, attention. Here will be reproduced the expert 
testimony which indicates that the boy or the young 
man who thinks that the cigarette habit is not injuring 
him, and often leading him on to licentiousness, crime, 
and other drug habits does not know the nature of the 
evil which he is permitting to get possession of him. 

Dr. J. H. Kellogg, of the Sanitarium of Battle Creek, 
Michigan, says: "We should remember that there 
always is present in cigarettes nicotine, a far more 



THE CIGARETTE IN PARTICULAR 33 

deadly poison than opium." And tobacco contains 
several other poisonous substances, some of them per- 
haps as deadly as the nicotine. 

George Torrence, Superintendent of the Illinois State 
Reformatory, writes thus: "I am sure cigarettes are 
destroying and making criminals of more boys than 
the saloons. Cigarettes are not the effect of crime, but 
they are the cause of it." 

Mrs. Angstman tells of "one youth in a preparatory 
school who often smoked sixty cigarettes a day, and 
who became so impregnated with nicotine that one day 
after playing ball he was startled to find his perspiration 
had made his undergarments as yellow as if dipped in 
dye." Others have written of leeches that dropped 
dead after sucking blood from the arms of such per- 
sons. These facts give some idea of the amount of 
poisonous substances that may accumulate in the 
system of one who uses tobacco. 

E. A. King says, in his paper on The Cigarette and 
Youth : "The 'accomplished' cigarette smoker is not 
content with a single puff of smoke, but he draws the 
smoke into the depths of his lungs, holds it a moment, 
and then expels it through his mouth and nose. The 
poison is thus allowed to penetrate to every portion of 
the lung cavity, and by absorption is taken into the 
blood." 

Charles B. Towns, the expert on the effect of drug 
habits, has said: "The cigarette smoker almost in- 
variably inhales, and he gets the most harm merely 
because the bronchial mucous membrane absorbs the 
poison most rapidly. The tobacco itself is no more 



34 TOBACCO 

harmful than it is in a pipe or a cigar. Furthermore, 
the tobacco is generally drier in a cigarette, and for 
that reason the combustion is better, for the products 
of the combustion of dry and damp tobacco are not the 
same. But since it is a little difficult to inhale a pipe 
or a cigar without choking, the smoke products of a 
pipe or cigar are usually absorbed only by the mouth, 
nose, and throat, whereas the inhaled smoke of the 
cigarette is absorbed by the entire area of windpipe and 
bronchial tubes." * 

Dr. A. C. Clinton, San Francisco, California, physi- 
cian to several boys' schools, says : "I am often called 
to prescribe for palpitation of the heart. In 9 cases 
out of 10 this is caused by the cigarette habit. Ciga- 
rette smoking gives boys enlargement of the heart, and 
it sends them into consumption and to the insane 
asylum. I have seen bright boys turned into dunces, 
and straightforward, honest boys made into cowards 
by cigarette smoking. I am speaking the truth that 
nearlv every physician and teacher knows. " 

Professor W. L. Bodine, of the Chicago Public 
Schools, puts it thus: "Last year the medical inspectors 
of schools, over whom I have jurisdiction, were 
assigned to make examinations of the young men who 
were members of the baseball and football teams in the 
various high schools; we also examined the young 
women of the basketball teams. All the young women 
passed a successful examination, but many of the young 
men athletes were rejected because it was found they 
had valvular heart trouble. Each of the young men 

1 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



THE CIGARETTE IN PARTICULAR 35 

so rejected (with but one exception) was addicted to 
cigarette smoking." 

Managers of baseball clubs are becoming more and 
more pronounced in their opposition to the use of ciga- 
rettes. What is quoted below from Clark Griffiths, 
manager of the Washington Nationals, is very similar 
to statements that have been made recently by several 
other managers. Mr. Griffiths expresses himself thus : 
"I am convinced that our failure to come up to ex- 
pectations this season has been largely due to the fact 
that some of the players on whom I depended were 
cigarette fiends. There will be no more of it. Any 
player who insists on smoking cigarettes is through, so 
far as the Nationals are concerned, and that goes so 
long as I am manager of the team. No man in athletics 
for a living can use them." 

Dr. Herbert Bishop, surgeon of the U. S. Mutual 
Accident Association, says : "I have seen death from 
inhaling cigarettes, and persons incapacitated for busi- 
ness and made wrecks. It is explained in this way. 
The smoke, when inhaled, is brought in contact with 
over 500 cubic feet of surface in the lungs, with im- 
mense facilities for absorption, and at once the nicotine 
is deposited in a fruitful field and incorporated in the 
blood." 

E. A. King, in his paper on The Cigarette and Youth, 
has said: "A leading journal of Philadelphia describes 
the way material is secured for making cigarettes: 
Scavengers go around to saloons and barrooms, pick- 
ing up stubs of cigars and raking over the contents 
of spittoons for rejected quids of tobacco. These are 



36 TOBACCO 

thrown into a sack and carried to the manufactory, 
where they are cleansed, ground up, sprinkled with 
liquor, Havana flavoring and other chemicals added, 
and allowed to stand till the whole mass is permeated 
with the flavoring. It is rolled up in its paper wrap- 
ping, and becomes the cigarettes considered so dainty." 

Mr. King goes further and states on the authority 
of a physician who has investigated that opium, vale- 
rian, Cannabis indica, and other appetite-producing 
drugs are used to a large extent in making cigarettes. 
The instance of an Italian boy is cited, who is said to 
have been arrested with a basket half full of cigarette 
and cigar stubs, which he confessed he intended to 
sell to a man at ten cents per pound. Since becoming 
interested in the matter, the writer has observed men 
in our large cities stealthily picking up cigar stubs 
from the gutters and sidewalks and placing them in 
their pockets. Suspicions were aroused concerning 
the purpose of collecting them, but no investigation 
was made. 

Regarding the use of drugs in the manufacture of 
cigarettes, at least at the present time, there seems to 
be serious doubt. Xor does there seem to be any 
carefully conducted analyses to prove that drugs have 
ever been used in making any standard varieties of 
cigarettes. 

Replying to Mr. Azor Thurston, who has recently 
examined cigarettes to ascertain whether drugs are 
used in any of the standard makes, Dr. H. W. Wiley 
says: "So far as I know, opium, arsenic, etc., have 
never been found in cigarettes. This is a rumor which 



THE CIGARETTE IN PARTICULAR 37 

is constantly being floated, but is without general 
foundation. The cigarettes are harmful enough in 
themselves without seeking this extreme evil in them." 
This statement from the pure food expert should surely 
carry considerable weight. 

Mr. Thurston himself carried on careful analyses. 
He says in conclusion : "The current report is that 
cigarettes contain opium or some form of dope ; how- 
ever, the brands that I examined were free of added 
medicinal substances, barring calcium, magnesium, and 
nitrates found in the papers." 

We do not publish these statements about the char- 
acter of the tobacco said to be sometimes used in 
cigarette-making and the opiates which may be intro- 
duced in the manufacture, because we regard this a 
very important item compared with the deadly nature 
of the nicotine and other poisons inherent in tobacco 
or developed in smoking. If these foreign substances 
are not used, it is on account of the expense connected 
with their insertion or because of the law rather than 
because of any special regard that the manufacturer 
has for the consumer. 

When we become so hardened to our evils that ^ e 
will practice poisoning ourselves on a gigantic s- a l e 
with some of the most deadly poisons known, whc neec * 
object seriously to the introduction of one ^ tw0 
additional poisons into the manufactured prodi^t? Or 
how does the occasional taking of tobacco from the 
gutter to make cigarettes really compare with making 
men and boys the gradually-poisoned dupes of a 
gigantic trust? Yet we are not satisfied with the 



38 TOBACCO 

gradual enervation of our own citizens. As soon as 
China had conquered her opium, according to experts 
no worse than tobacco, our tobacco trust is said to 
have begun the attempt to put the cigarette into the 
mouth of every Chinese citizen. It is easy to see in its 
true light an evil in far-off China., but comparatively 
few persons care to raise their voices against a very 
similar one at their own doors. However, the campaign 
of education is gathering force. The deadly cigarette 
is gradually bringing to light the true nature of 
tobacco, now quite tyrannical in its popularity, but one 
day to be condemned as opium and alcoholic beverages 
now are. 



TOBACCO AXD DEGEXERACY 

Many persons suppose that the effects of the tobacco 
habit cannot be inherited, and exact statistics on to- 
bacco heredity would be difficult to obtain. There are 
so many other factors to complicate the study that exact 
data could not be obtained easily. Licentiousness, im- 
purity, inebriety, and other forms of intemperance are 
often intimately related to the tobacco evil and act with 
it in such manner that it becomes difficult to ascertain 
just how much of our degeneracy to ascribe to each 
cause. Very probably some of the degeneracy ascribed 
to the tobacco habit in the quotations given below is 
due to other causes. However, the fact that the con- 
sensus of medical opinion, based on abundant record 
and observation, agrees that the children of tobacco- 
users suffer from increased susceptibility to disease, 
from nervous disorders, and from weak minds more 
than the offspring of abstainers, other things being 
equal, is sufficient reason why every man who knows 
these facts should not take the risk of hereditary effects 
of tobacco on his own progeny. 

Some medical authorities say that noticeable degen- 
eracy in some form or other always follows if the 
father has used tobacco a long time, and many physi- 
cians who have studied the matter agree that by in- 
heritance persons who have never used tobacco suffer 
throughout life from the tobacco habit of fathers. 

39 



4 o TOBACCO 

There is no agreement regarding inheriting the appetite 
for tobacco, and there is some doubt whether the 
appetite is transmitted. But there is the belief, based 
on abundant observation, that conditions of nervous 
degeneracy which cause the person to resort to a 
sedative are inherited, though the appetite may 
not be. 

Dr. C. G. Davis, of Chicago, in a letter to the Anti- 
Cigarette League, wrote thus : "Western civilization is 
gradually but surely drifting into a condition of degen- 
eracy. Out of this army of degenerates come the 
vicious, the criminal, and the insane. Practically speak- 
ing, mankind is becoming alcoholic and tobacco mad. 
The nervous system is crumbling, owing to saturation 
of alcohol and nicotine." 

Dr. Charles G. Pease, president of the Non-smokers' 
Protective League, says: "The use of tobacco is re- 
sponsible more than any other one factor for race 
degeneracy. It is the most poisonous plant grown, and 
its active principle the most poisonous alkaloid, harm- 
fully and deeply affecting the delicate protoplasm of 
the tissue cells, unfitting* the user of it to be a propaga- 
tor of the human race, robbing his own children of their 
right to normality." 

The noted Dr. Pidduck wrote thus in the London 
Lancet: *Tn no instance is the sin of the father more 
strikingly visited upon his children than in the sin of 
tobacco-using. The enervation, the hypochondriasis, 
the hysteria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities, the 
consumption, the suffering lives, and the early deaths 
of children of inveterate smokers bear ample testimony 



TOBACCO AND DEGENERACY 41 

to the feebleness and unsoundness of constitution trans- 
mitted by this pernicious habit/' 

Dr. Nathan Allen, of Lowell, Massachusetts, says: 
''Language cannot describe the terrible effects which 
tobacco produces upon both body and mind. It perverts 
the taste, impairs mental capacity, corrupts the moral 
sense, and stimulates the animal nature. But its per- 
nicious effects are not confined to the present genera- 
tion, nor to this life. Its dreadful evils through the 
law of inheritance, extend to offspring even to the 
second, third, and fourth generation." 

The New York Journal says of the introduction of 
tobacco into new territory : "When the Europeans first 
visited New Zealand, they found the natives the most 
finely developed and powerful men among the islands 
of the Pacific. Since the introduction of tobacco, for 
which these men developed a passionate liking, they 
have, from this source alone, become decimated in 
numbers, and so reduced in stature and physical well- 
being as to be an altogether inferior type of men." 

Dr. D. H. Kress, the expert on the effects of tobacco, 
writes thus: "From the use of tobacco, most of our 
young men are physical degenerates. A few years ago 
England was startled by the announcement that out of 
12,000 men that appeared for examination at Manches- 
ter, 9,000 had to be rejected as physically unfit for 
army service. 'They come to us with their fingers 
stained with nicotine/ the examiner said. A f ew T years 
later, w r hen the call was made for young physicians to 
enter the United States Army, 80 per cent were re- 
jected as unfit, owing to what was pronounced tobacco 



42 TOBACCO 

heart. These represented the choicest young men these 
countries could produce. If three fourths of the young 
men are unfit for army service, they are certainly unfit 
to assume the responsibilities of propagators of a fit 
race."' 

There can be no doubt that the nations of the world 
are using many degenerates in their vast armies. In 
times when many soldiers are required, the unfit are 
doubtless admitted to the ranks in large numbers. It 
is positively stated by The Boys" Magazine for Febru- 
ary. 1915, that a single Xew York firm had recently 
distributed 10.000.000 cigarettes as a gift to the armies 
of Europe in the field. Other firms and individuals are 
said to have been giving cigarettes to the soldiers as 
an act of kindness, even in excess of the demand. 
European medical experts, like those of other coun- 
tries, cry out against this harmful practice ; but noth- 
ing except a long and strenuous campaign of educa- 
tion, such as that which is now bearing fruit in the 
fight against strong drinks, is likely to suppress the 
evil. 

Dr. Charles E. Slocum says in his book on Tobacco 
and its Deleterious Effects: **The deep defects pro- 
duced by tobacco on the generative system perniciously 
affect the germ plasm and germ cells and cannot but 
show blight, more or less, in the children that may be 
born of parents addicted to this vice. Tobacco, in some 
even more than the alcoholic-beverage habit, 
touches forcibly the nerve centers, the medulla oblon- 
gata, the spinal center, the generative center, and the 
great sympathetic nerve centers, leaving therein its 



TOBACCO AND DEGENERACY 43 

trail of debility, defects, and degeneration, all of which 
affections are in line of transmission to posterity. " x 

The following statement is also from Dr. D. H. 
Kress, who has made a special study of tobacco-using : 
"Official statistics show that there is also a marked 
deterioration in the physique of the German nation. 
It is authentically stated that nearly one half of the 
young men in Germany between the ages of 18 and 21 
are incapable of bearing arms. The prevalence of 
heart disease among the young has increased over 300 
per cent within the last few decades. Tobacco and 
beer are considered the cause of this alarming degen- 
eracy. A similar condition exists in America. It will 
be recalled that out of 67 applicants who appeared for 
examination to enter the medical department of the 
United States Army in 1902, 43 (nearly two thirds) 
were rejected, having what the doctors pronounced 
'tobacco heart/ This is especially significant when 
we bear in mind that those who applied were young 
men who considered themselves in the pink of health. 
That such a condition exists in our most highly civil- 
ized countries is certainly sufficient reason for alarm, 
and should lead to a careful investigation of its causes 
with a view of correcting them. To ascertain the real 
injury to the race from such a habit, we must neces- 
sarily go to the third or fourth generation. We have 
reached that time, and the results of the tobacco habit 
are now manifest. As Sir Benjamin Brodie says, 'No 
evils are so manifestly visited upon the third and fourth 
generations as the evils which spring from the use of 

1 Published by permission from The Slocum Publishing Company. 



44 TOBACCO 

tobacco.' Owing to the rapid decline of the race, 
special attention has of recent years been called, by 
leading medical men, scientists, religious teachers, and 
commissions appointed by various nations for the pur- 
pose of investigating the causes of the almost univer- 
sal physical, intellectual, and moral degeneracy, to 
the fact that tobacco is responsible for what has, in 
the past, been attributed to other causes." 

It is admitted readily enough that we are dealing 
with opinions mainly. But these opinions are from 
the highest authorities and are based on long observa- 
tion and study. The man who passes over such evi- 
dence lightly, encourages young men and boys in form- 
ing the tobacco habit, and sets the example in their 
presence, is taking large responsibility. Unfortunately, 
few men, whether young or old, care enough about 
the good of the race to cause them to break with a 
habit known to be questionable and believed by an 
increasing number to be among the worst to which 
men become addicted, both for the individual and for 
his progeny. We must be content, in the main, to 
influence those who have not become enslaved by 
tobacco. The study of tobacco inheritance, with other 
features of the tobacco evil, will meantime go on. 
The increasing evidence of the baneful effects of to- 
bacco will aid in the campaign of education until right 
will finally triumph. The human race will one day 
throw off its yoke of bondage and finally recover from 
the degeneracy produced by tobacco. 



THE ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS TOWARD 
TOBACCO 

While some business men have pronounced views 
against the employment of those who use tobacco in 
any form, the great objection thus far is to those who 
use cigarettes. It may surprise some persons to know 
that many of the large number of business corporations 
that bar cigarettes refuse to employ the man who uses 
them as well as the boy, if one may judge by the lan- 
guage of those quoted. What is reproduced below is 
the average of the statements found, and about half bar 
both the men and the boys who use cigarettes. 

While our quotations are mainly opinions based 
on observations of business men, the scientific results 
based on measurements of blcod pressure and fatigue 
accord with them to the extent of showing that one 
is weakened temporarily every time he smokes tobacco 
in any form. Xo one can be more surprised than the 
writer in finding so much objection to the use of 
tobacco, on the part of business concerns; but he must 
accept the value of their views, based on long observa- 
tion, and present them impartially. 

Greater was the surprise on finding records of dele- 
terious effects that can be measured as a result of each 
separate indulgence in tobacco. Let us consider first 
statements which apply to physical labor. Dr. F. C. 
Walsh, in giving the results of measurements of 

45 



46 TOBACCO 

fatigue when smoking and when not smoking in ex- 
periments with the ergograph, says : "The test was 
decisive, and it proved this : that no man doing physical 
labor, and who smokes while on the job, is as efficient 
and as able to put forth his full energies as he could 
if he were not smoking.'' This shows the results from 
a new angle, and demonstrates that one should dis- 
criminate against him who works pipe in mouth, how- 
ever menial the labor. 

The late Dr. Jay W. Seaver writes thus of nicotine 
and muscular work : "The muscle cells are apparently 
only slightly affected by it, but the nerve supply to the 
muscles being affected, the practical motor ability is 
greatly impaired. This has been thoroughly demon- 
strated by experiments carried out by Dr. \V. P. 
Lombard, of the University of Michigan, who has 
shown that the administration of even moderate 
amounts of tobacco in the form of smoke lowers the 
working power of the human muscle by a high per- 
centage, and there seemed to be no compensation for 
lowered temporary ability in increased duration of it. 
His experiments were made with Moss's ergograph, 
and his results may be crudely summarized as follows : 
In from five to ten minutes after beginning to smoke 
an ordinary cigar, muscular power began to diminish, 
and in an hour, when the cigar was burnt, it had 
fallen to about 25 per cent of its initial value. The 
total work of the time of depression, compared with a 
similar normal period, was as 24.2 to 44.8 per cent." 

The noted drug expert, Charles B. Towns, says : 
"If there were some instrument to determine it, in my 



THE ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS 47 

opinion, there would be seen a difference of 15 per 
cent in the general efficiency of smokers and non- 
smokers. The time is already at hand when smokers 
will be barred out of positions which demand quick 
thought and action. " This supposition of Mr. Towns's 
is different from the decrease of efficiency while smok- 
ing "on the job" ;* but the results of smoking are cer- 
tainly cumulative as relates to both mental and physical 
labor, since well-known tests of mental activity and 
published results relating to efficiency in athletic exer- 
cises and studies agree that the smoker is less efficient. 
Let us now consider statements of some firms that 
discriminate against boys who use cigarettes, then 
those that include men also. The mental and athletic 
tests will be given later. 

The J. C. Avers Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, 
says : "We do not employ any boy or young man under 
21 years of age who smokes cigarettes." 

Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, Illinois, stands thus: 
"We do not employ young men addicted to the use of 
cigarettes." 

John V. Farwell once said : "I would as lief employ 
a youth who steals sheep as one who smokes cigarettes ; 
one is no more to be trusted than the other." 

James A. Houston Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 
says this of the cigarette and work: "Our reason for 
not employing juniors who are addicted to the use of 
cigarettes is that we feel that their habitual use by a 
young man is demoralizing to his general character." 

The Larkins Soap Company, Buffalo, Xew York, ex- 

1 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



48 TOBACCO 

presses the matter thus : "We do not employ boys in 
the Larkin office who smoke cigarettes. An applicant 
addicted to the use of cigarettes would not interest us ; 
but if he seemed to possess qualifications that made him 
desirable, he would have to decide between the ciga- 
rette and the job." 

John R. Pepper, of the International Lesson Com- 
mittee, says : "My observation as a business man has 
been that boys and young men who indulge in the 
habit of smoking cigars and cigarettes will very soon 
become discounted, and their places will very probably 
be filled by others of more careful habits. There can 
be no question that the use of cigars and cigarettes is 
positively detrimental to mind and body." 

Superintendent W. L. Bodine, in charge of the 
Parental School of Chicago, tells of a tobacco dealer 
who discharged boys because of the cigarette habit and 
who actually rejected 38 of 42 boys who applied for 
positions, because they smoked cigarettes. The tobacco 
dealer said: ''The boys of to-day are not what boys 
of ten years ago were, and it is due largely to the 
cigarette evil. They come here with their ill manners, 
stained fingers, and dopey-eyed cigarette face and ciga- 
rette breath; and they are saucy and dirty." This is 
from a tobacco dealer who would not hire a boy w r ho 
used what the dealer sold. 

The following railroad corporations, large business 
establishments, and others are said to be refusing to 
employ young men and boys who use cigarettes : Union 
Pacific Railroad; Lehigh Valley Railroad; Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific Railroad ; Georgia Central Rail- 



THE ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS 49 

road ; Burlington Railroad ; New York, New Haven 
& Hartford Railroad ; Pittsburgh & Western Railroad ; 
Wisconsin West Superior Railroad; United States 
Navy and Naval Schools ; United States Weather 
Bureau; Chicago Post Office; Marshall Field & Co., 
Chicago ; Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., Chicago ; Heath 
& Milligan, Chicago; Montgomery, Ward & Co., 
Chicago ; Swift & Co., Packing House, Chicago : Mor- 
gan & Wright Tire Co., Chicago ; Western Union 
Telegraph Co., Message Service; Cumberland Tele- 
phone Co. ; Wanamaker's, Philadelphia ; Avers Sarsa- 
parilla Co., Lowell, Massachusetts. This list might 
be extended to include hundreds and probably thou- 
sands of other establishments. 

Gurney Heating Co., Boston, says : "We believe our 
company gets better service from non-smokers, and 
to abstain from tobacco will be of inestimable value 
to the individual in later years, both from a physical 
and a mental standpoint." 

The principal of the Metropolitan Business College, 
of Chicago, w r rites thus of the relationship between 
cigarettes and business : "The average employer is very 
much disinclined to employ a person who is addicted 
to the habit; in fact, there are several prominent con- 
cerns here that will not employ cigarette smokers." 

Mr. E. H. Harriman, the railroad president, once 
said: "Cigarette users are unsafe. I would just as 
soon think of getting my employees out of the insane 
asylum as to employ cigarette users." 

Vice-President Parker, of the Chicago & Rock Island 
Railroad, says : "In my judgment it is impossible for a 



50 TOBACCO 

cigarette smoker to make a good railroad man. As a 
rule, smokers are dull and half asleep most of the time. 
These are not the kind of men the Rock Island wants 
to operate its trains and its great system, which is 
daily responsible for the lives of. thousands of people." 

The following, regarding the relation between the 
tobacco habit and obtaining employment, is taken from 
W. H. Allen in his book entitled, Civics and Health: 
"No young man expects to obtain a favorable hearing 
if he offers himself for employment while smoking or 
chewing tobacco. Business men dislike to receive 
tobacco-scented messengers. Cars and elevators con- 
tain signs prohibiting lighted cigars or cigarettes. In- 
surance companies reject men who show signs of 
excessive use of tobacco. Why? Because they are 
apt to die before their time." 2 

The George W. Alden Company, Ranges and Re- 
frigerators, Brockton, Massachusetts, says : "We would 
not employ a man who smoked cigarettes if we knew 
he smoked them. Our reason is that with the prevail- 
ing knowledge as to the injury to the mind, body, and 
morals of the cigarette habit, a man who will keep on 
using them has not enough self-will to meet our stand- 
ards, nor enough regard for personal appearance. Our 
observation of those who use cigarettes has led us to 
believe that the use of the same is one of the most 
degenerating of habits, and does more to weaken one's 
regard for good morals than any other habit." 

An official of a railroad that will not employ more 
cigarette users says : "Among the 200 in my service, 32 

2 Published by permission from Ginn & Company. 



THE ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS 51 

are cigarette fiends. Eighty-five per cent of the mis- 
takes occurring in the office are traceable to the 32 
smokers. They fall behind with their work, and when 
transferred to other desks, which men who do not 
smoke handle easily, they immediately get along just as 
badly, showing that it is not the amount of work but the 
inability or indolence of the performer. The smokers 
average 'two days off' from work a month, while the 
non-smokers average only one-half of a day in the 
same time. The natural conclusion is that the 32 young 
men are holding positions deserved by better men." 

O. S. Marden, formerly editor of Success, writes 
thus of the relation of the cigarette to business : "Ciga- 
rette smoking is no longer simply a moral question. 
The great business world has taken it up as a deadly 
enemy of advancement and achievement. Leading 
business firms all over the country have put the ciga- 
rette on the prohibited list. In Detroit alone sixty-one 
merchants have agreed not to employ the cigarette user. 
In Chicago, Montgomery, Ward & Company ; Hibbard, 
Spencer & Bartlett, and some of the other large con- 
cerns have prohibited cigarette smoking among all 
employees under eighteen years of age. Marshall 
Field & Company and the Morgan & Wright Tire 
Company have this rule : 'No cigarettes can be smoked 
by our employees/ One of the questions on the appli- 
cation blanks at Wanamaker's reads: 'Do you use 
tobacco or cigarettes ?' " 

The following is from the Boys' Companion for 
February, 1915 : "Not long ago Thomas A. Edison and 
Henry Ford, auto manufacturer, issued edicts forbid- 



52 TOBACCO 

ding any of the thousands of their men to use ciga- 
rettes, and henceforth no cigarettist will get a job in 
their shops because Edison and Ford have found out 
that the cigarette seriously interferes with the efficiency 
of the men's work. It is not a question of morals but 
of pure business with them." 

The late Elbert Hubbard wrote thus regarding em- 
ploying cigarettists : "As a close observer of men and 
an employer of labor for over 25 years, I give you 
this: Never advance the pay of a cigarette smoker — 
never promote him — never depend upon him to carry 
a roll to Garcia unless you do not care for Garcia and 
are willing to lose the roll. I say do not promote the 
cigarette smoker, for the time will surely come when 
you will rue the day you ever placed him in a position 
where he can plague you by doing those things which 
he ought not, and by leaving undone those things he 
should have done. If you have cigarettists on your 
payroll who are doing good work, do not discharge 
them. Simply keep them as long as they are a profit 
to you, and when you find they become a care gently 
lay them off, and say you will send for them when you 
need them. And then never send for them." 

We have considered the general effects of tobacco 
and the cigarette in particular in previous pages and 
have tried to give here the business relation of the 
habit faithfully and candidly, as the facts seem to re- 
quire. The main object is to help in saving some of 
those who are not addicted to tobacco. Let none of 
us be so sanguine as to think that we can accomplish 
much more than this for the present. 



THE MONEY SPENT FOR TOBACCO 

The amount of money spent in the purchase of 
tobacco by men addicted to its use is enormous, and 
the sum involved in the cultivation of the tobacco plant 
and its transformation into marketable products is 
vastly greater. Families are frequently deprived of 
homes of their own and of the comforts of life., not 
because of the high cost of living, but because the 
fathers spend, for smoking and chewing a weed that 
does no one any good, that to which the families have 
a right. 

One five-cent cigar per day amounts, with interest 
on the money, to about $250 in ten years, and five 
such cigars daily for the same time amounts to approxi- 
mately $1,200. Many men smoke from six to ten such 
cigars daily, spending from $100 to $175 per year. 
This amounts with interest from 25 to 65 years of 
age to about $60,000 or from 25 to 80 years to approxi- 
mately $100,000. Many men, once the habit has been 
formed, will continue even when their families are 
dependent on charity for food and fuel. A vastly 
larger number smoke away good homes, and a still 
larger number deprive their loved ones of good cloth- 
ing, furniture, books, music, and other things that go 
to make life enjoyable. 

One writer says that our tobacco users spend $950,- 
000,000 annually for their tobacco, a sum $250,000,000 

53 



54 TOBACCO 

more than all the people, at the same time, use for 
bread. We are said to give as a nation five times as 
much to tobacco as to religion, and it is said that some 
communities waste more on tobacco than they use for 
churches and schools. To our shame, these statements 
are probably not far from the truth. 

Dr. C. E. Slocum says, in his book, Tobacco and Its 
Deleterious Effects : ''Twenty per cent more money is 
expended for tobacco in America than for bread ; and 
this comparison represents but a small part of the real 
cost of the use of tobacco." 1 

Dr. D. H. Kress gives the following regarding the 
cost of tobacco: "Our annual tobacco bill amounts to 
$940,000,000. Should three of our large cities be 
w r iped out by fire each year it would be considered an 
immense loss, and yet the amount of tobacco annually 
consumed equals in value nearly the combined taxable 
property of Detroit, Cincinnati, and Buffalo/' 

Dr. Kress also says : "The United States is one of 
the greatest educational countries in the world, but for 
every dollar spent on education, over two dollars is 
spent for tobacco." Another writer says that, if we 
include the cost of production, manufacture, and sales, 
our tobacco costs $7,000,000,000 annually. Who won- 
ders that tobacco often pauperizes the working man 
and robs his wife and children? 

Jenkin Lloyd Jones recently said in a sermon de- 
livered before his great Chicago congregation: "Ac- 
cording to the government report, 1,012,800 acres were 
devoted in 191 1 to the production of the abominable 

1 Published by permission from The Slocum Publishing Company. 



MONEY SPENT FOR TOBACCO 55 

weed which first, last, and all the time is a nuisance as 
well as a poison. And more than the prostituted acres 
and the exhaustion of human muscle in the production 
thereof is the blunting of the ethical sense, the narcotiz- 
ing of the intellectual and social ambitions of the 
victim, who through the stultifying effects of the cigar 
loses something of the power of a high zeal for moral 
ideals and a divine hunger for the spiritual life." 

F. H. King says, in Farmers of Forty Centuries : 
"What might be done in the United States with a fund 
of $57,000,000 annually, the market price of the raw 
tobacco leaf, and the land, the labor, and the capital 
expended in getting the product to the men who puff, 
breathe, and perspire the noxious product into the air 
everyone must breathe, and who bespatter the streets, 
the sidewalks, the floors of every public place and con- 
veyance, and befoul the million spittoons, smoking 
rooms, and smoking cars?" 2 

Henry W. Farnam, in Our Tobacco Bill published 
in 1914, gives the following facts and figures regarding 
the cost of a worse than useless habit : "The importance 
of tobacco in our national budget is shown by the latest 
census figures, according to which it ranks eleventh 
among the industries of the country, with respect to 
the value of the product. Our manufactured tobacco 
was worth at the factory in. 1909, $416,695,000. It 
thus outranked bread and other bakery products, 
women's clothing, copper, malt liquors, automobiles, 
petroleum, and distilled liquors. It was but about a 
third less important than manufactures of cotton. Its 

2 Published by permission from Mrs. F. H. King. 



56 TOBACCO 

value was more than twice as great as that of distilled 
liquors. 

"A careful statistician, Professor William B. Bailey, 
of Yale, published, nearly two years ago, some figures 
showing that the people of the United States spent 
at that time in a single year about $1,100,000,000 on 
tobacco. As the receipts from the internal revenue tax 
on tobacco have increased by about 14 per cent in the 
last two years, it seems fair to assume that the general 
consumption has increased by this amount. Fourteen 
per cent of $1,100,000,000 would be $154,000,000. It 
seems, therefore, conservative to state that at the pres- 
ent time the people are spending at least $1,200,000,000 
for the pleasure of smoking and chewing. 

"The significance of these figures can be best appre- 
ciated if we compare them with other items in our 
national budget. To put the matter concretely, tobacco 
takers spend in a single year twice the amount spent 
by the entire country on railroad travel and about three 
times the amount which it spends on its common school 
system ; they pay out annually about three times the 
entire cost of the Panama Canal ; they destroy directly 
about three times as much property as was destroyed 
in the San Francisco earthquake. Their smokes and 
chews cost them just twice what it costs to maintain 
the government of the United States, including the 
interest on the public debt. Our smokers in a year 
and a half could pay the entire bonded debt of our 
States, cities, and counties, as it was in 1912, and in 
an additional nine months the entire interest-bearing 
debt of the United States, if they were willing to exer- 



MONEY SPENT FOR TOBACCO 57 

cise the self-denial which was exercised years ago by 
the Persian people. 

"The consumer is the ultimate director of national 
production. If he elects to drink whisky, instead of 
buying bread for his children, this means that the 
country produces more whisky and less bread. If 
rich men elect to take large tracts of arable land for 
game preserves, they prevent that land from being used 
to raise food for the people. Likewise, if smokers elect 
to spend a certain part of their income upon tobacco, 
they determine that a certain area of land shall be 
devoted to the cultivation of this plant, which would 
otherwise be devoted to the cultivation of vegetables 
or to dairying, or to raising whatever commodities 
their money would otherwise have been spent for. 
The amount of land thus pre-empted for the preserves 
of tobacco users in the United States is very large. 
It amounted in 1912 to no less than 1,225,800 acres 
or over one sixth of the area devoted to raising vege- 
tables. The value of the tobacco product was $104,- 
302,856, or one quarter of the value of all vegetables, 
including potatoes. This must play no small part in 
maintaining the high cost of living in the United 
States. Tobacco culture, moreover, tends, as is well 
known, to exhaust the soil and thus to rob future 
generations, unless fertility is artificially maintained 
at great expense. 

"Many people who are familiar with the significance 
of our drink bill do not realize that the amount an- 
nually spent on tobacco is about three quarters of the 
amount spent on intoxicating beverages of all kinds. 



58 TOBACCO 

The national war budget is always the subject of much 
criticism, and yet the appropriations for our army and 
navy are less than one fourth what we annually spend 
on tobacco. For years the power of the government 
has been used to keep down the railroad rates, until 
it is claimed that the roads cannot pay the wages 
demanded by the men and give the public the service 
which it expects without an increase in charges. And 
yet an addition of but 25 per cent to passenger fares 
would mean but about one eighth of what the tobacco 
users spend without a thought, and would afford the 
railroads a welcome relief. " 3 

The father w T ho spends one fifteenth, one tenth or 
more of his income on tobacco often has no money 
for useful benevolences, to say nothing of the enjoy- 
ments of life for his family. Yet he should not charge 
the difficulty to other causes than his own habits. If 
religion could have the sum wasted on tobacco, there 
would need be no other calls. If the money were used 
for bread, no one would need to go hungry. If it were 
used for public schools and for higher education, we 
would, according to statistics, have twice as much as 
we now use, and this without any taxes or any begging 
for these purposes. If used for three years to pay 
debts, all city, state, and national debts would be wiped 
out. If spent on military affairs, we would have four 
times as much as is now spent on our army and navy. 
In short, a large majority of men of this generation 
use a drug which injures them physically, mentally, 
and morally, deprives their families of many comforts 

3 Published by permission from Henry Holt & Company. 



MONEY SPENT FOR TOBACCO 59 

and luxuries, aids in causing degeneracy, and is so 
enormously expensive as to seriously interfere with 
general prosperity. We are too near to this evil to see 
it, but it will have to go. The present conditions can- 
not go on any more than the opium evil could go on 
forever in China. The great expense is bad enough, 
but other features are a thousand times worse. 



THE RELATION OF TOBACCO TO OTHER 
DRUG HABITS 

Under this heading we shall consider mainly how 
tobacco-using may lead to one or more other drug 
habits, but we may also notice briefly the necessity for 
fighting all drug habits instead of giving attention to 
one only. Our purpose is to give the most expert 
opinion and data that can be found regarding the 
danger of the tobacco habit; but this particular drug 
is only one of those which should be fought. Not 
very many of those who are fighting the liquor evil 
give any attention to tobacco, the use of which almost 
always precedes drinking, according to the experts. It 
is a popular thing to fight the drink habit, but it is 
now and will be for a longer or shorter time exactly 
the opposite with the tobacco evil. Yet some persons 
should bring out the relationship of these two and 
other drug habits. Those who are fighting tobacco 
are deeply interested in the temperance campaign, wish 
it the most speedy and complete success possible, and 
will aid in every possible way to this end. The data 
to follow prove that the campaign against tobacco is 
also a campaign against strong drink, since tobacco 
usually serves as an approach to the drink habit. 

Herbert Corey, in the Cincinnati Times-Star, quotes 
a leading western distiller as follows: "Prohibition 
will be a national issue within ten years. Every intelli- 

60 



RELATION TO OTHER DRUG HABITS 61 

gent man in my business realizes that. The decent 
ones are guarding against it by trying to wipe out the 
dives. Already Western States have enacted anti- 
liquor legislation which would have been unthinkable 
ten years ago. The campaign against habit-forming 
drugs is gathering strength everywhere. " 

A New York City magistrate says : "Tobacco is the 
boy's easiest and most direct road to whisky. When 
opium is added, the young man's chance of resisting 
the combined forces and escaping physical, mental, and 
moral harm is slim indeed." 

Dr. Mussey, an eminent physician, expresses his 
view thus: "In the practice of smoking there is no 
small danger. It produces a huskiness of the mouth 
which calls for some liquid. Water is too insipid, as 
the nerves of taste are in a half-palsied state from the 
influence of tobacco smoke; hence, in order to be 
tasted, an article of a pungent or stimulating character 
is resorted to, and thus the kindred habits of smoking 
and drinking." 

Dr. T. Griswold Comstock, of Saint Louis, Missouri, 
states his opinion thus : "I believe cigarette-smoking 
is decidedly injurious to young persons, and I speak 
from professional experience. If a boy before the 
age of 14 smokes cigarettes, he will very probably be 
tempted to resort to alcoholic drinks before the age 
of 18 and at 21 will likely be addicted to the use of 
morphine. Cases of suicide among subjects under 38 
to 40 years of age, the direct results of chronic intoxi- 
cation from tobacco in the form of cigarettes, are 
found to happen and not so very infrequently." 



62 TOBACCO 

Harold Hamilton, a reformed cigarette fiend and a 
prominent artist, is responsible for this paragraph: 
"The tobacco exhaustion needs the whisky exhilara- 
tion, and the cigarette victim keeps on alternating 
between the depression of tobacco and the stimulation 
of alcohol, which he seems to require. Both are ruin- 
ous to body and mind. Without fear of contradiction, 
I make the statement boldly that it is no more possible 
for an inveterate, poison-soaked cigarette fiend who 
has arrived at the third stage to continue his life and 
smoking without the aid of whisky than it would be 
without the aid of the tobacco itself. With greatly 
impaired health, each organ suffering from the poison 
circulating through it, this second poison is added, 
and the results of this double dose to the wrecked 
system can easily be imagined." 

As superintendent of the Keeley Institute at Dwight, 
Illinois, Dr. C. L. Robinson has had large experience 
with the relation of the cigarette habit to other drug 
habits. He knows at first hand by direct observation, 
and his words must therefore have weight. He says : 
"It is the irritable condition of the nervous system that 
causes the restlessness, inability to concentrate 
thought, tremor, etc., which is so apt to cause the 
cigarette addict to seek relief sooner or later through 
the quieting, soothing influence of liquor, morphine, 
or other drugs. He is almost incapacitated for mental 
labor through inability to concentrate thought, and 
finding that one drink of liquor partially at least anti- 
dotes the nicotine and quiets and soothes his restless- 
ness and irritability, he is gradually led into the double 



RELATION TO OTHER DRUG HABITS 63 

addiction, liquor and cigarettes. Our experience here 
at D wight, where many hundreds of cigarette cases 
have been treated, is that persons applying for treat- 
ment for both liquor and cigarettes dread giving up 
their cigarettes more than their liquor. Moreover, 
those who return to the use of cigarettes in after life 
are almost certain to resume the use of liquor to allay 
the irritability of the nervous system produced by 
tobacco smoke inhalation/' 

Probably no other man has made so exhaustive a 
practical study of drug habits and has attempted the 
cure of so many drug fiends in various lands as Charles 
B. Towns. Therefore, the following statement from 
him regarding the relation of tobacco to other drug 
habits is evidence of the best kind. He says: ''For 
years I have been dealing with alcoholism and mor- 
phinism, have gone into their every phase and aspect, 
have kept careful and minute details of between six 
and seven thousand cases, and I have never seen a 
case except occasionally with women, which did not 
have a history of excessive tobacco. A boy always 
starts smoking before he starts drinking. If he is dis- 
posed to drink, that disposition will be increased by 
smoking, because the action of tobacco makes it normal 
for him to feel the need of stimulation. He is likely 
to go to alcohol to soothe the muscular unrest, to blunt 
the irritation he receives from tobacco. From alcohol 
he goes to morphine for the same reason. The nervous 
condition due to excessive drinking is allayed by mor- 
phine, just as the nervous condition due to excessive 
smoking is allayed by alcohol. Morphine is the 



64 TOBACCO 

legitimate consequence of alcohol, and alcohol is the 
legitimate consequence of tobacco. Cigarettes, drink, 
opium is the logical and regular series. " x 

Let us now consider the relation 6i tobacco to the 
opium habit. Some experts regard the former drug 
as injurious as the latter, and however that may be, 
our habit is bad enough, so that loading it on foreign 
lands is an unpardonable shame. 

The following is from the Western Christian Advo- 
cate for March 25, 1914: "Now it is announced by the 
big Anglo-American tobacco companies that they are 
to outline a new campaign of extension in opening 
new fields for sale of their products. A new slogan 
has been adopted : 'A cigarette in the mouth of every 
man, woman, and child in China.' Think of such an 
infamous resolution in the interest of commercialism! 
Now they will proceed to placard China with their 
display signs until by every highway, and over every 
corner, and in every window, and in every paper, and 
in every street-car, and in every waiting station, and 
everywhere tobacco signs will greet the eye." 

The following extract is from F. H. King, in his 
Farmers of Forty Centuries: "The eradication of the 
opium scourge must prove a great blessing to China. 
But with the passing of this most formidable evil, for 
whose infliction upon China England was largely re- 
sponsible, it is a great misfortune that, through the 
pitiless efforts of the British-American Tobacco Com- 
pany, her people are rapidly becoming addicted to the 
western tobacco habit, selfish beyond excuse, filthy 

1 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



RELATION TO OTHER DRUG HABITS 65 

beyond measure, and unsanitary in its polluting and 
oxvgen-destroying effect upon the air all are compelled 
to breathe. It has already become a greater and more 
inexcusable burden upon mankind than opium ever 
was." 2 

We have quoted authority to the effect that tobacco 
is among the worst of drugs. Probably no other prac- 
tical layman knows about this so well as Charles B. 
Towns, who uses these words : "If anyone thinks that 
China is the gainer by substituting the one drug habit 
for the other, I beg leave to differ with him. The 
opium smoker smokes in private with other smokers, 
and is hence not offensive to other people. He is not 
injuring non-smokers, or arousing the curiosity of 
bovs, or polluting the atmosphere, or creating a crav- 
ing in others. In the West the opium habit is generally 
condemned because the West is able to look with a 
new and unbiased mind on a drug habit that is not its 
own. I consider that cigarette smoking is the greatest 
vice devastating humanity to-day, because it is doing 
more than any other vice to deteriorate the race. The 
inhaler of tobacco gets his effect in precisely the same 
way that the opium smoker gets his — the rapid absorp- 
tion by the tissues of the bronchial tubes. It may be 
news to the average man to hear that the man who 
smokes opium moderately suffers no more physical 
deterioration than the man who inhales tobacco moder- 
ately. The excessive smoker of cigarettes experiences 
the same mental and physical disturbance when de- 
prived of them that the opium smoker experiences 

2 Published by permission from Mrs. F. H. King. 



66 TOBACCO 

when deprived of opium. The medical treatment 
which is necessary to bring out a physiological change 
in order to destroy the craving is the same. The 
effect of giving up the habit is the same — cessation 
of similar physical and nervous and mental disturb- 
ances, gain in bodily weight and energy, and a desire 
for physical exercise. A like comparison, item for 
item, may be made with alcohol, but it is the similarity 
with opium which we wish to emphasize here." 3 

3 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



TOBACCO IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 

Institutions of higher learning have been leaders in 
many movements for the improvement of society, and 
the colleges and universities may yet take a prominent 
part in solving the tobacco problem. Enough statistics 
have accumulated to convince a considerable number 
of men in these institutions that the question needs 
further attention. Indeed, some of the best work has 
been done by college and university professors. How- 
ever, since many instructors in these institutions have 
not studied the data carefully and are not likely to do 
so unless the matter is vigorously agitated, many who 
are interested would favor such a nation-wide study 
of the tobacco problem in institutions of higher learn- 
ing as is now being advocated by certain eminent edu- 
cators and some other workers. 

Whether college or university administrations and 
faculties will, as a whole, willingly take part in a move- 
ment which will give tobacco its just deserts in these 
institutions, or whether the investigation must come 
from the outside remains to be seen. Facts already 
known, in way of reasonably safe scientific data, to 
say nothing of valuable expert opinion based on wide 
observation and experience, indicate that educators are 
slowly becoming cognizant of the need of proper treat- 
ment of this drug; and the larger the part that the 

^7 



68 TOBACCO 

institutions play in the solution, the more final results 
will redound to their credit. 

In May, 1912, Mr. Spencer Montgomery, then presi- 
dent of the Miami University Y. M. C. A., brought 
up, in a devotional meeting, the general problem of 
the use of tobacco by students in our institutions and 
suggested that the Y. M. C. A. should attempt some 
sort of investigation of the matter. A committee was 
appointed, and this committee, after working for one 
year, published in the college paper the results of 
studies of the grades of smokers and non-smokers. 
The relative grades were as follows: non-smokers, 
108.2; light smokers, 103.3; medium smokers, 99.7; 
and heavy smokers, 77.7. It was the general opinion 
at the time that the character of men who would allow 
themselves to become slaves to a drug habit had quite 
as much to do with the rather surprising decrease in 
grades in proportion to the amount of tobacco con- 
sumed as did the injury caused by the use of the weed. 
Mr. Weston Walters was chairman of the committee 
of three seniors, which found results that were at the 
time thought to be unusual. However, the data pre- 
sented herein from other colleges and universities and 
from public schools as well show that the report of this 
committee demonstrated just what would have been 
anticipated by persons well informed regarding the 
relationship between scholarship and the tobacco 
habit. 

Former President Webster Merrifield, of North 
Dakota University, says: "The use of tobacco in all 
forms is strictly forbidden at the State University of 



IN COLLEGES AXD UNIVERSITIES 69 

North Dakota, not only out of deference to public 
opinion in this State, but as the result of long observa- 
tion of the evil effects of tobacco upon immature 
students." 

Dr. Henry Churchill King, president of Oberlin 
College, says : "I am entirely clear in my own mind 
that the use of tobacco, at least by men under twenty- 
five, is to be vigorously opposed, partly in considera- 
tion of health, partly on considerations of intellectual 
development, and partly on moral considerations. 
Upon all of these points, so far as concerns especially 
the young, both expert authority and statistical evi- 
dence seem to me to be pretty decisive. And it has 
seemed to me especially unfortunate that the situation 
in many of our colleges is such as to show that the 
practice of smoking tends to become tyrannical as con- 
cerns even those who do not themselves wish to smoke, 
since it is plain that they are often made to feel that 
they are not coming up to what is expected of them, 
or that they are unsocial if they do not share the smok- 
ing habit." 

In a recent address, Jenkins Lloyd Jones, the noted 
preacher, said of the college professor's responsibility : 
"A college president deplored to me the immense 
growth of the smoking habit among college students. 
'What are you doing about it?' I said. The college 
president threw up his hands in helpless imbecility and 
said: 'What can I do about it when three quarters 
of my faculty smoke?' How can a boy feel the 
academic call to the ministry of religion, or any other 
form of spiritual consecration or ethical earnestness, 



70 TOBACCO 

when the campus disintegrates the integrities of his 
youth, discounts the moralities of the home, and makes 
indulgent the sons of self-denying parents?" 

Charles B. Towns, the expert on drug habits, says : 
"Many men were prejudiced against smoking until 
they went to college. There they found themselves 
'out of it' because they did not smoke. More than 
that, they found that the smoke of social gatherings 
irritated their eyes and throat, and they thought that 
smoking might keep them from finding other people's 
smoke annoying." 1 The words of this expert are 
doubtless true, and colleges where tobacco using seems 
necessary to popularity are poor places for the sons of 
parents opposed to this evil. Parents who place char- 
acter before knowledge, and who think the tobacco 
habit a great evil, are justifiable in sending their sons 
to colleges that discourage or prohibit the use of to- 
bacco instead of making it a prominent feature at social 
gatherings. 

P. S- Wales, former surgeon-general, U. S. Navy, 
wrote the following: "After disastrous results from 
permitting the use of tobacco by the cadets at West 
Point, in 18S1 the authorities prohibited smoking abso- 
lutely." October, 1896, Dr. Larned wrote: "My con- 
viction of the unmingled benefits accruing to the 
graduates of the Military Academy by the prohibition 
of tobacco is absolute. Unquestionably the most im- 
portant matter in the health history of the students 
at this xAxademy is that relating to the use of tobacco. 
I have urged upon the superintendent that the future 

1 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 71 

health and usefulness of the lads educated at this 
school required the absolute interdiction of tobacco. 
In this opinion, I have been sustained not only by 
all my colleagues, but by all sanitarians in military 
and civic life whose views I have been able to 
learn/' 

George Elwers, a former student at the University 
of Wisconsin, says : "I know that any habit is hard to 
get out of ; and that it is hard to indulge moderately in 
anything without going to excess. For these two rea- 
sons I have never started smoking. I have ample 
proof here at the University of Wisconsin that ciga- 
rettes are harmful, and that they do not help a fellow 
in any way. Since last October, when I entered the 
university, I have found only one fellow who sneered 
when I said, 'No, thank you, I don't smoke.' In the 
fraternity rushing I got in, and he w r as left out. Every 
girl that I have been intimate with has told me she was 
glad I didn't smoke. Many freshmen, in spite of their 
smoking, seem to get high standing, but when we look 
at the senior class, the best men do not smoke. Either 
they have cut it out, or they have dropped back in 
work." Probably the conditions found at Wisconsin 
by this student occur at most colleges and universities 
where tobacco is tolerated. 

According to Lucy Page Gaston, superintendent of 
the Anti-Cigarette League, some fellow who is popular 
in college is often given a percentage from all cigarette 
orders taken from students. He is even given, for free 
distribution among students, various brands of ciga- 
rettes and thus helps to fasten upon the sons of parents 



72 TOBACCO 

who object seriously one of the most harmful habits 
known among men. The man who obtains his college 
education in this manner is an offender against society, 
and the institution which does not use every means 
to prevent such a practice is not worthy of the boys 
that come from homes where high moral and religious 
principles obtain, only to be debauched while in college 
by a vile and debasing drug. The writer has no knowl- 
edge of this alleged practice, but he was informed on 
one occasion, by a senior who was acting as chairman 
of an entertainment committee, that a local firm had 
furnished cigars for free distribution at a meeting of 
all men of a certain college. The writer was at another 
time present at a gathering of college men, under the 
auspices of the institution, for the entertainment of the 
alumni, at which cigars and cigarettes were distributed 
free to all who would take them from the freshmen up. 
On inquiry, he was informed that the cigars and the 
cigarettes had been furnished free of charge by a 
local firm. This in no way excuses the institution, and 
it is the conviction of many thoughtful persons that 
colleges that cannot entertain their students and alumni 
without furnishing free tobacco, whether voluntarily 
or by imposition, might better not entertain them 
at all. 

Dr. Winfield S. Hall, professor of physiology in the 
Northwest University Medical School, is responsible 
for the following: "Tobacco does much to undermine 
the success of young men. Why? Because it is the 
entering wedge of two lines of dissipation, either of 
which may defeat success. The first line is the dissi- 



IN COLLEGES AXD UNIVERSITIES 73 

pation of money for things unnecessary. The second 
line of dissipation is sense gratification. One uses 
tobacco partly because of its flavor and partly for the 
sedative action which it exerts upon the nervous 
system. It is just this sedative effect which steals 
away a young man's vigilance and alertness and handi- 
caps him in the struggle for success. The use of to- 
bacco paves the way to other dissipation by requiring 
a compensating stimulant to overcome its sedative 
effect and by making common, wholesome food taste 
insipid and flat. A vast majority of drunkards were 
smokers before they were drinkers. The mental atti- 
tude and lack of resistance which permits a man to 
smoke is likely also to permit other forms of dissipa- 
tion more destructive in their influence. Though many 
professional men use tobacco, I have yet to hear the 
first one advise a young man or a boy to begin its use." 
This statement is made by a man of high standing in 
the medical world, who has had large experience with 
college men. 

The following is from the Journal of Education for 
March 17, 1914: ."Dr. Arthur Dumont Rush, instructor 
of physiology in the University of Vermont, puts 
groups of medical students through various smoking 
experiments. His conclusion is that smoking reduces 
the mental efficiency of the smoker 10.5 per cent. 
There is damage done to muscle and brain, he finds ; 
but nicotine does not do it, because he cannot find 
any in cigar and pipe smoke (his results differ from 
those obtained by others in this respect). Fifteen 
students, who had come from all classes and differed 



74 TOBACCO 

considerably in physical characteristics, were chosen 
for the experiments. There was also an artificial 
smoking machine employed. The vapors were col- 
lected in receptacles and analyzed. Dr. Rush accepts 
the conclusions from experiments at Yale University 
that within half an hour after smoking a cigar the 
muscular power falls 25 per cent. He is chiefly con- 
cerned, however, with the effect on mental efficiency. 
All the instructor's subjects were requested not to 
smoke for several hours before beginning the test. 
The first was the 'E' test, before and after smoking. 
Twelve lines of capital letters, closely placed, were 
presented, and the students were required to cross out 
all the E's. This is a test which has been given by 
Professor Muensterberg and others. Another test 
requires the subject to say all the words which flow 
into his mind after a word is spoken to him which 
suggests a series. This is called the 'chain association/ 
One series of 120 tests on each of the 15 men, it 
is reported by Dr. Rush, shows that tobacco smoking 
produces 10.5 per cent decrease in efficiency of the 
brain. The greatest loss was in imagery, 22 per cent ; 
so that the idea that smoke stimulates the fancy and 
that smoking makes the mind alert is not sustained 
by experiments." 

We give below a table from the Ohio Wesleyan 
University, constructed by Dean W. G. Hormell, to 
show the relation of the tobacco habit to scholarship 
in 1911-12 and 1912-13. In this table 2 means an 
average of B, and 1 means below B. 



IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 75 





1011-1912 


1912-1913 




No. 


Av. 
grade 


Per cent 
using 
tobacco 


No. 


Av. 
grade 


Per cent 
using 
tobacco 


Seniors av. 2 and above 

Seniors av. 1 and below 

Juniors a v. 2 and above 

Juniors av. 1 and below 

Sophomores av. 2 and above . 
Sophomores av. 1 and below . 
Freshmen av. 2 and above. . . 
Freshmen av. 1 and below. . . 
Specials av. 2 and above .... 
Specials av. 1 and below 


23 
9 
3B 
19 
25 
26 


2-37 

.76 

2.42 

•73 

2.38 

.61 


16 

44 

8 

58 
12 
70 


40 
14 
25 
10 
22 
38 
26 
61 

3 
19 


2.47 

.72 
2.29 

.68 
2.31 

•39 
2.39 

•49 
2. 16 

• 23 


5 
64 
20 
40 
19 
50 
15 
40 

33 

53 



By summarizing the figures in the table, we find that 
16 per cent of the high grades and 52^ per cent of 
the low grades were obtained by the smokers, con- 
versely, 84 per cent of the high grades and 47^8 per 
cent of the low grades were obtained by the non- 
smokers. This agrees with the results obtained in 
many other colleges and universities as given 
below. 

The late Dr. Jay W. Seaver, who for many years 
made a close and accurate study of Yale students in 
relation to the use of tobacco, says: "Out of our 
highest scholarship men only a very small per cent 
(about five) use tobacco, while of the men who do not 
get appointments, about 60 per cent are tobacco users. 
The kind of mind that permits its possessor to become 
addicted to a habit that is primarily offensive and 
deteriorating is the kind of mind that will be graded 
low on general intellectual tests." 

Dr. Seaver studied the effects of tobacco using 



7 6 



TOBACCO 



among Yale students for nine years. During this 
time, he found that smokers who entered Yale were 
fifteen months older than the non-smokers, but only 
weighed 14 kilos more than the non-smokers, who 
averaged more than a year younger. Though older, 
the smokers averaged .7 of a centimeter shorter and 
80 cubic centimeters less in lung capacity. In a study 
of the men in a class at Yale, he found that the non- 
smokers gained over 10 per cent more in weight than 
the habitual smokers, 24 per cent more in height, 26.7 
per cent more in chest measurement, and jy per cent 
more in lung capacity. 

Dr. George L. Meylan's study of Columbia students 
showed that the smokers had distinctly poorer scholar- 
ship. His results have been tabulated thus: 



Classification of 
Students 



Average 

marks 

at entrance 



Marks 
during first 
two years 



223 students 90 per cent 66 per cent 

115 smokers 89 " " 62 " " 

108 non-smokers 91 " " '69 " " 



Failures 
during first 
two years 



7 per cent 
10 " " 
4 " 



Dr. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College, says of 
Amherst students: "In separating the smokers from 
the non-smokers, it appears that in the item of weight 
the non-smokers have increased 24 per cent more than 
the smokers ; in growth in height they have surpassed 
them 37 per cent, and in chest girth 42 per cent. In 
lung capacity there is a difference of 8.36 cubic inches 
(this is about 75 per cent) in favor of the non- 
smokers/' 

Professor W. P. Lombard, of the University of 



IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 77 

Michigan, found that five cigars smoked on each of 
two four-day periods with a similar non-tobacco period 
between averaged to lower the working power of the 
muscles 41 per cent and often more. These results 
were obtained by careful experiments with the ergo- 
graph and have been recorded on a previous page with 
those reported by Dr. F. C. Walsh. 

The tabulations from leading American institutions 
by Dr. F. J. Pack show the following data: "(1) Only 
half as many smokers as non-smokers are successful 
in the try-outs for foot-ball squads. (2) In the case 
of able-bodied men, smoking is associated with loss 
in lung capacity amounting to practically 10 per cent. 
Incidentally they show that smoking is invariably asso- 
ciated with low scholarship, and that smokers furnish 
twice as many conditions and failures as do non- 
smokers. Data relative to try-outs were received from 
six institutions as follows : 





Number 
Competing 


Number 
Successful 


Per cent 
Successful 


Smokers 


93 
117 


31 

77 


33-3 
65.8 


Non-smokers 





"It will thus be seen that only half as many smokers 
as non-smokers were successful in gaining the coveted 
positions. But, though the difference in age and 
weight were both in favor of the smokers, in lung 
capacity the non-smokers of six institutions reporting 
showed an advantage of 22.6 cubic inches, as indicated 
in the subjoined table: 



78 



TOBACCO 



Number of Men 


Average 

Weight 


Average 
Age 


Av. Lung 
Capacity 


Smokers, 47 

Non-smokers, 61 

Difference 


162.9 lbs. 

159.6 ". 

3-3 " 


2 1 . 06 years 

20.88 " 
.18 " 


286 . 3 cu. in. 

308.9 " "1 

22.6 " "] 



"The difference in favor of the non-smoker thus 
amounts to 7.3 per cent. It is worth noting that in not 
a single institution of the six reporting was the differ- 
ence in lung capacity in favor of the smokers, the 
advantage with the non-smokers ranging from 5.8 to 
37.7 cu. in." 

In studying 201 men in Clark College from 1906 
to 1909, Professor E. L. Clarke found results which 
mav be tabulated thus : 



Habitual 
Smokers 



Numbers and per cent 41, 

Dropped college or took an 

extra year j 

Athletic honors 

Scholarships, 54 students. . . ) 
Honors in both athletics and 

scholarships, 12 students. 



Occasional 
Smokers 



Non- 
Smokers 



20. 



51.6 

21-5 
II . I 



16.6 



52, 25.9% K 

25.8 
36.6 

25- 

25. 



53-7% 

22.6 
41.9 



58.4 



Mr. Clarke, in closing this report on smoking among 
Clark students, pointed out the fact that this habit 
goes with others tending to lower scholarship in which 
smoking is a vital part of the difficulty. The club 
room is a lounging place where smokers are tolerated. 
A man who dislikes tobacco is seldom seen there. He 
is, therefore, under little temptation to waste time. 
Hence, the smoker is the one who wastes the most 



IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 79 

time around the college grounds. This is but one of 
the conspicuous examples leading to the conclusion 
that smoking is an indicator of other evils as well as 
being harmful in itself. 

These Clark College records show that men who 
took up smoking after entering suffered two per cent 
in strength, one per cent in lung capacity, and 10 per 
cent in scholarship in comparison with those who 
remained non-smokers. So the cumulative and perma- 
nent effects appear shortly even in those who begin the 
use of tobacco after reaching college age. 

The larger proportion of college students who 
smoke are those who have plenty of money. Conse- 
quently, they are often better nourished than the poorer 
students and may be heavier, not on account of the 
tobacco habit, but in spite of it. Because of their easy 
circumstances, they are more likely to have the de- 
sirable leisure and get into athletics, unless a sufficient 
number of poorer students, who have to work their 
way in part, have time for sports and such tests are 
applied as will give the positions to the men who are 
most fit. No one should be deceived regarding why 
smokers are sometimes as large as non-smokers and 
are often predominant in athletics in some schools 
where tobacco is popular. 

Again, statistics wmich do not cover a whole student 
body are of little value unless they cover a considerable 
number of men selected by lot. Obviously, statistics 
secured from such men as may see fit to answer a 
questionnaire are of comparatively little value, unless 
nearlv all students of an institution are involved. Since 



80 TOBACCO 

the results of the tobacco habit are cumulative, sta- 
tistics covering a freshman class are less valuable than 
those from upper classmen. Results obtained by study- 
ing all the men in a college or a university through a 
series of years are most valuable of all, and it is such 
studies as this that gives the strongest verdict against 
tobacco. 

Colleges and universities see that their students hear 
lectures on ethics and morals, and do a good deal for 
their religious interests, but allow them to form a 
habit which is amply proved to be injurious in various 
ways, to lessen general efficiency, and to shut many out 
of desirable positions. This often happens without any 
serious attempt to inform students of the injurious 
effects of using tobacco. If some colleges and uni- 
versities will not of their own accord put this matter 
and others that have to do with physical, mental, moral, 
and spiritual life ahead of learning, we believe that the 
sooner public sentiment requires them to do so, the 
better. 



THE SMOKING MAN AND HIS INFLUENCE 

What has appeared thus far has been, for most part, 
limited to consideration of tobacco from several points 
of view and to a discussion of the effects of the drug 
on boys and young men. It has seemed best to reserve 
treatment of smoking among men to the latter part of 
the considerations of the tobacco problem. 

After going through the scientific evidence care- 
fully, the writer is convinced that the experiments 
already noted are reliable, and that no man ever 
smokes or chews tobacco even once without temporary 
injury; but he knows quite as well that some men do 
not know that they are being permanently injured by 
repeated indulgence extended over a long period and 
would not be convinced by all the evidence that could 
be produced. Many others who know well enough 
that their efficiency and health are being slowly hurt 
by tobacco will not give up its use, though they believe 
much that is appearing from those who are best pre- 
pared to speak and write. 

The task of writing on phases that concern men 
would seem more worth while if any considerable num- 
ber of men could be induced to abandon tobacco. 
Though this is too much to hope for, it will surely be 
helpful to present some of the opinions and results 
of experiments obtained by those who have made a 
special study of the tobacco problem. 



82 TOBACCO 

Dr. H. J. Kellogg, of the sanitarium at Battle Creek, 
Michigan, condemns the use of tobacco among men 
in the following strong terms : "It is one of the 
enigmas of modern life that the average business man, 
the man who demands the highest degree of efficiency 
in every department of his business, be it factory, store, 
or office, should continue to use tobacco, knowing that 
it is one of the deadliest of poisons and one of the 
worst of all enemies of mental power. It is astonish- 
ing that his business sense, his genius for economy, 
should permit him to consume so much of his energy 
in a perfectly useless and harmful way. Any man who 
stops to study himself, who inquires into the means by 
which he can conserve his vital energy and increase 
his efficiency, discovers that the first thing to do is 
to raise the load off his liver and kidneys and other 
organs ; he discovers, for instance, that the work which 
his lungs are required to do in eliminating nicotine is 
far more than all the work involved in the digestion 
of food and the performance of intellectual labor, and 
if he is a wise man, he will drop immediately the use 
of tobacco." 

Dr. Harvey YV . Wiley, the pure food expert, says : 
"A man has not the shadow of a right to inflict un- 
wholesome smoke and his vile breath on the com- 
munity at large. There should be a strictly enforced 
law prohibiting smoking and chewing in public places, 
or on the cars where other persons are obliged to be." 

Dr. C. E. Slocum says in his book on Tobacco and 
its Deleterious Effects : "No one has any right to flaunt 
his depravity and his depraving habit in public. Xo 



THE SMOKING MAN'S INFLUENCE 83 

one has a right to circulate on a street or elsewhere 
in public reeking with tobacco, much less puffing its 
smoke in the faces of others. Such bravados are be- 
coming intolerably numerous. In business places, 
public offices, court houses, hotels everywhere, and 
restaurants, where free women and free men are 
obliged to go, it has become necessary to pass through 
an atmosphere vitiated by tobacco breaths and sputa. 
These are public outrages upon civilization that self- 
and-rights-of-others respecting men and women should 
no longer continue to endure meekly, as they have 
done in the past. The right of every one to pure air, 
unadulterated by tobacco or ether deleterious odors, 
should be insisted upon by all clean people, forcefully 
if necessary." 1 

W. H. Allen, writing in Civics and Health, says: 
"It is selfish to intrude upon others a personal weak- 
ness or a personal appetite. It is selfish to divert from 
family purposes to 'soothing excited nerves' even the 
small amounts necessary to maintain the cigar or 
cigarette habit. It is selfish to run the risk of shorten- 
ing one's life, of reducing one's earning capacity. 
Because the tobacco habit is selfish, it is anti-social 
and a nuisance, and should be fought by social as well 
as personal weapons, as are other recognized nuis- 
ances, such as spitting in public, or offensive manners." 2 

Dr. T. H. Marable, of Clarksville, Tennessee, says 
in The Medical Journal : 'The cause of cigarette smok- 
ing is that boys are very fond of imitating their elders. 

1 Published by permission from The Slocum Publishing Company. 

2 Published by permission from Ginn & Company. 



84 TOBACCO 

Smoking in public places ought to be discouraged. 
Every man, when he smokes in public, ought to think 
that he is encouraging some boy to smoke." 

In an article entitled, "Why Boys Smoke," O. S. 
Davis says, in the Scientific Temperance Journal, re- 
garding the responsibility of men for cigarette smok- 
ing among youths : "Boys smoke cigarettes because 
grown men smoke tobacco in all kinds of ways. They 
are imitating their elders and superiors in their efforts 
to be manly and grown up, as they regard it. The 
college man's pipe and the business man's cigar are 
incentives to the boy's cigarette and his first chew of 
tobacco. The force of the man's example cannot be 
overestimated in the influences that lead the boy to 
smoke. He is bound to try to do in his way what he 
sees grown men do in their way. Men ought to re- 
member this when they smoke. They can endure the 
toxins in their mature bodies which will wreck the 
physical organism of the adolescent boy. It is very 
difficult to show the boy this fact, however; and he 
does to his lasting harm what the grown man some- 
times may do without serious peril. Every man who 
smokes ought to reckon with the force of his example 
in this respect and ask himself if he cannot afford to 
give up a personal habit that is weighted with such 
serious possibilities to boys." 

Men who smoke may well consider these words of 
Charles B. Towns, the noted expert on the effects of 
drugs: "Now, the boys who are certain to be injured 
by any form of tobacco, invariably smoke in the worst 
way that they can — that is, smoke cigarettes. How is 



THE SMOKING MAN'S INFLUENCE 85 

the father going to stop it? We all know with what 
force the indorsement of a hair-tonic comes from a 
bald-headed barber. A man cannot expect to have 
any influence with his son when he advises him not to 
do the thing he himself is doing. Every man advises 
his son not to smoke until he reaches an age where 
tobacco will not hurt him, though he himself has prob- 
ably heard lately from his doctor that there is no such 
age. Though tobacco will injure a boy more than a 
man, it will also injure the man at any time during 
his life. When the father goes on to advise the boy to 
begin his smoking on pipe and cigars when he is 
grown up, his position becomes puerile. For he knows 
very well that almost no one begins on anything but 
cigarettes. The father who fills his- house with smoke 
has, in a threefold way, created an appetite for tobacco 
in his boy; first, the boy has a disposition to smoke 
because his father does ; second, because he is curious ; 
and third, because his respiratory passages are already 
craving the excitation to which they have become 
accustomed. The smoking father, in forbidding his 
son to smoke, virtually drives him to sneak around the 
corner for a cigarette to experiment with on the sly." a 
Dr. J. R. Leadsworth says of the effects of the 
father's smoking: "Can it be supposed for a moment 
that in a home where tobacco fumes constantly per- 
meate the rooms, such a powerful volatile poison 
would have no deleterious effect upon the mother and 
children who spend almost their entire time in such 
an atmosphere? Does it not seem reasonable that a 

3 Published by permission from The Century Company. 



86 TOBACCO 

child reared from the cradle under such conditions 
should present symptoms of nicotine poisoning even 
though it has never become a victim of the habit ? But 
how few boys, when the husband and father is addicted 
to its use, escape the injurious habit? When we re- 
member with what pride the boy looks upon his papa, 
and what interest he takes in a recital of the daily 
details of the parent's life — all of which proves to 
him that no other boy has such a father — it is reason- 
able to expect that he would be eager to follow his 
example even in this harmful practice. Too often the 
practice of smoking is taken up during the impression- 
able years of childhood and youth, with the result that 
the brain faculties never fully develop." 

Dr. Leadsworth writes further of an eight-year-old 
boy who was ill and showed symptoms of severe 
poisoning. The boy, who never used tobacco, was 
subjected to sweating, and "his skin gave off a marked 
nicotine odor and stain." Regarding the father's re- 
sponsibility, Dr. Leadsworth writes : "Further investi- 
gation elicited the fact that the boy's father was an 
inveterate smoker, and when at home kept the room 
saturated with tobacco fumes. The boy never touched 
the weed. But who can be surprised that the sensitive 
organism of the child, constantly absorbing such an 
atmosphere, succumbed to it? And who can estimate 
the multitude of children whose cheeks are blanched 
and whose bodies are frail, because of their father's 
indulgence in the poisonous weed ?" Such cases could 
be multiplied many times. 

The following regarding the relationship between 



THE SMOKING MAN'S INFLUENCE 87 

tobacco and good manners is from the pen of the well- 
known missionary secretary, Robert E. Speer : "I have 
seen many a boy and man, by nature courteous and 
thoughtful, who would never think of doing an un- 
gentlemanlv or rude thing intentionally, guilty never- 
theless of the most heedless discourtesy and rudeness 
in the use of tobacco. Every morning as I get off the 
suburban train in the railway station, and walk down 
the crowded platform, I see both men and women 
dodging to one side or the other in order to escape 
the necessity of inhaling a cloud of tobacco smoke 
blown by a smoker into the face of any one whom 
he was confronting; but who, with no thought what- 
ever of the interests or feelings of others, pollutes the 
air which they have to breathe. Many a fine-natured 
boy and man has been made coarse and boorish in this 
one regard of ignoring the sensibilities of others in 
the indulgence of this habit." 4 

Some people condemn the smoking man who con- 
fines his habit to his own private room, saying that he 
is doing just what the boy does when he sneaks around 
the corner to smoke a cigarette. However, the man 
who practices discretion regarding when and where 
he uses tobacco usually does so for a perfectly good 
reason, since the greatest temptation to young men 
comes from the fact that tobacco has become a social 
habit, in many places extremely tyrannical. When a 
really strong man appears before an assemblage of 
young men with pipe, cigar, or cigarette in mouth, he 
does that which is condemned by many of those who 

4 Published by permission from The Fleming H. Revell Company. 



88 TOBACCO 

have studied the tobacco problem most carefully. The 
larger the number of men that break the habit the 
better, but the man who smokes helps the matter of 
education when he carefully uses discretion regarding 
when and where he smokes. 

When, on the other hand, business men or their 
representatives parade streets with bands to attract 
attention and smoke pipes, cigars, and cigarettes, they 
are influencing the boys and helping to lower the char- 
acter of human beings. Teachers should be among 
the last persons to tempt young men by public practice 
and private invitation, and many of them probably 
do so because they do not know the results of careful 
observation and research, some of which appear in 
these pages. 

We cannot hope to influence many men to abandon 
a habit firmly fixed; but there are many users of to- 
bacco who will lend their influence on the right side 
in the campaign of education. If an occasional man is 
induced to quit using tobacco, and the number of men 
who will aid actively in attempts to keep boys and 
young men from forming the habit can be increased, 
this part of the discussion will seem well worth while. 



DIET AND THE TOBACCO HABIT 

Women have shown great interest in the tobacco 
problem, and many of them will gladly consider any 
relation between household affairs and this great evil. 
Therefore, one may present more freely the facts 
regarding the manner in which women may have a 
very direct part in preventing the formation of the 
tobacco habit and in breaking it up when it is once 
formed. There is much literature dealing with the 
relation of food to drug habits ; but we can consider 
only some of the best of that which bears upon the 
tobacco problem. 

Many persons are slowly killing themselves by the 
food that they eat. Habits of eating need to be 
changed with change of occupation, with advancing 
years, and often with the formation of wrong habits. 
Elements of diet found to be injurious to the individual 
should be avoided. No doubt many men would lose 
their desire for drugs too, if they could be induced to 
change to the simple, nourishing elements of diet sug- 
gested below. In this the wife and mother may play 
a large part. 

The woman who wishes to save her boy from drug 
habits or to help her husband to give up one or more 
already formed should remember that spicy, heavy, 
and highly seasoned foods usually go with such habits, 
while a plain diet, composed largely of cereals, fruits, 



90 TOBACCO 

and vegetables, does much to destroy the desire for 
various drugs. She may well ponder carefully the 
words to follow from high authority. 

Dr. C. E. Slocum says : "There can be properly 
healthful manhood and properly true and sure prog- 
ress, only as mankind is fed on the plainest, most 
wholesome foods, and purest w r ater ; and the entire life, 
and action, strictly governed along the line of what 
is for the best. Poverty, misery, crime, and all the 
horde of other evils now existing can be banished only 
by giving children their proper heritage of sound 
health, and rearing them along this reasonable, most 
important, and obligatory line of sanity." 1 

The following is from Dr. D. H. Kress : "The editor 
of the London Clarion, England, relating his own ex- 
perience, said: T was a heavy smoker for more than 
thirty years. I have often smoked as much as two 
ounces of tobacco in a day. I don't suppose I have 
smoked less than eight ounces a week for a quarter 
of a century. If there was one thing in life I feared 
my will was too weak to conquer, it was the habit of 
smoking. Well, I have been a vegetarian for eight 
weeks and find that my passion for tobacco is weaken- 
ing. I cannot smoke those pipes now. I have to get 
new pipes and milder tobaccoo, and am not smoking 
half an ounce a day. It does not taste the same/ This 
is a testimony of value, since in taking up this diet 
he had no intention whatever of giving up the use 
of tobacco. While writing the above I received the 
following unsolicited testimonial from a former patient 

1 Published by permission from The Slocum Publishing Company. 



DIET AND THE TOBACCO HABIT 91 

who has been addicted to both tobacco and strong 
drink for many years. His health being ruined, he 
found it necessary to apply for medical aid. He said : 
Tt seems wonderful to me, I have now no craving for 
tobacco or drink, and I also find that I have no need 
of drugs and patent medicine. I am enjoying excellent 
health. I must thank you for the kind help you have 
given me.' " 

Mothers may well note some words from Dr. Lau- 
retta Kress regarding the relation between food and 
tobacco. She says: "A most important factor, which 
may either deter or favor the formation of the tobacco 
habit, is the food furnished in the home. Irritating 
and highly seasoned foods produce irritability of the 
stomach and mind ; and in consequence a desire is 
created for some nerve soother. Condiments such as 
pepper, mustard, spices, and a large amount of salt all 
produce irritability of the stomach, and this in turn 
creates a demand for narcotics. Rich foods do the 
same, also greasy foods, for the free fats usually under- 
go decomposition and produce irritating acids. A wise 
mother will strive to prepare for her family foods 
which are non-stimulating and non-irritating, and yet 
so attractive and palatable that they will be relished by 
all. Good sweet bread and cereals, fresh vegetables, 
sweet new milk and eggs, fresh fruit, or canned fruit, 
and so forth, make a non-stimulating diet which will 
not create a craving for either drink or tobacco. Since 
agreeable home life and wisely prepared foods act as 
preventives of the tobacco habit, the intelligent wife 
and mother can do much to aid husband or son in the 



92 TOBACCO 

endeavor to give up the habit. Suitable non-stimulat- 
ing beverages should replace tea, coffee, and cocoa. 
Nicely prepared meat substitutes should take the place 
of flesh food. The use of fruits should be encouraged. 
The one who can be induced to eat freely of fruits 
soon loses his desire for tobacco." 

Again we quote Dr. Kress thus : "The intolerable 
craving for the after-dinner cigar is largely produced 
by the juicy beef steak, highly spiced food, and tea 
and coffee that compose the meal. Hence he who 
wants to be delivered from the tobacco habit should 
religiously avoid, for a time at least, such articles of 
food as produces a craving for tobacco. Why do men 
use tobacco ? There certainly is nothing agreeable in 
it to the taste. It is repelled by the entire organism, 
and necessitates considerable perseverance to form the 
habit. There must be some cause or causes for its 
prevalent use. I am convinced that it is used for the 
same reason that alcohol is, because of its narcotic 
effect. Dietetic errors often pave the way to the use 
of tobacco. Being a narcotic, it allays the disagreeable 
symptoms arising from indigestion and dyspepsia. 
When the stomach and nerves are irritated by the use 
of mustard, pepper, spices, pickles, and incompletely 
masticated food, or by improper combinations which 
result in fermentation, tobacco, being a narcotic, is 
capable of producing partial anesthesia, and thus it 
affords relief from the disagreeable symptoms asso- 
ciated with the irritation; but being an irritant itself, 
when the narcotic influence has worn off, the aggra- 
vated condition created by its use makes a still louder 



DIET AND THE TOBACCO HABIT 93 

call for something that will again produce a partial 
state of anesthesia. This something may be found in 
tobacco, or it may be found in alcohol. For this reason 
tobacco and alcohol are intimately associated. Where 
one is, the other is apt to be found, for one naturally 
leads to the use of the other. 

"I have found that a diet free from unnatural irri- 
tants will always result in a decrease in the desire for 
both tobacco and alcohol. I have never yet discovered 
a drunkard or an inebriate who was not passionately 
fond of spicy, highly seasoned foods and also of flesh 
foods. I have no doubt that one reason why these 
habits are so common is because dietetic errors are 
common. Several years ago the president of a city 
railway who was suffering from ulceration of the 
stomach came under my care for treatment. I soon 
ascertained that he was an inveterate user of tobacco. 
No doubt the symptoms accompanying the gastric irri- 
tation, which finally resulted in ulceration, called for 
the relief which tobacco furnished. He promised 
faithfully that he would give up its use. From the 
time he first began his treatment, his diet was simple 
and non-irritating. At the end of six weeks, he called 
at my office and said: 'Doctor, I have just returned 
from the city. On the way I passed a man smoking a 
cigar, and the smoke was actually offensive to me. I 
never thought such a thing possible/ His firm will 
and determination, combined with the aid received by 
a carefully prescribed diet, made it comparatively easy 
for him to give up its use. Another case was that of 
a patient who came to me suffering from chronic 



94 TOBACCO 

dyspepsia of most distressing form, and who after two 
months' treatment completely regained his health, 
affirming that he could not smoke if he would. Still 
another who was weak in will power, after a day's 
trial, concluded he would make no further attempt to 
abandon its use. He however continued to subsist 
upon a diet of grains, fruits, and vegetables, which I 
prescribed, in order to get rid of rheumatism. Six 
months later, in relating his experience, he said, I 
gradually and unconsciously lost my relish for tobacco. 
At first I thought there was something the matter with 
the brand I was using, so I purchased another. But 
that tasted no better. I tried still another with similar 
results. It then dawned upon me that I had lost my 
craving for it.' For over three years he has used no 
tobacco, and probabilities are that he never will again. " 
We started with the statement that there is a close 
relation between food and drug habits and passed to 
views of experts to the effect that this is true of to- 
bacco as well as other drugs. Plain food will certainly 
help much in the fight against tobacco and at the same 
time conduce to strong and honest manhood and 
womanhood. We can not hope that all members of 
society will abandon "high living," but it is not too 
much to hope that the tendency will turn toward care 
in the choice of foods and drinks if indeed it is not 
in that direction now. We may believe that a better 
day is dawning, and that a "survival of the fittest" will 
one day give us a race stronger because of its more 
temperate living — a race that will conquer tobacco and 
other drugs. 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO 

The efforts of an individual here and there cannot 
make much headway against tobacco. Facts have 
been stated in order to stimulate to action many who 
believe that boys and young men should be saved from 
the use of tobacco. What has been presented can only 
aid in a battle which must be waged for many years. 
The people must be enlightened in every community, 
and public sentiment must be aroused before much can 
be accomplished. There must also be some organiza- 
tion to see that the public is kept interested, that meet- 
ings are held for discussion, and that proper laws are 
passed and enforced. There are persons in every 
community possessed of leisure and genius for organi- 
zation, who could set forces in motion and keep them 
at work. Both local and state-wide organizations may 
well be affiliated with The Anti-Cigarette League of 
America. 

A thorough study of the tobacco habit among boys 
has convinced Professor W. A. McKeever that pre- 
vention is the only way to cope with the evil. He 
writes thus : "Prevention is the only practical solution 
of the cigarette or boy-smoking question. Boys take 
up to the- practice in innocence, just for fun, and are 
usually its victims before the matter is detected by their 
parents. Any normal, healthy boy will learn to smoke 
if thrown among young smokers without any caution 

95 



96 TOBACCO 

or restraint from those in authority over him. After 
parents discover the fault there is often a pathetic 
struggle, perhaps attended by many maternal tears, 
and then a compromise. That is, the boy tries in vain 
to quit and finally agrees to compromise on a pipe. 
But he will likely violate every rule of good conduct 
ever taught him by his parents before he will give up 
the habit entirely. But parents must learn more about 
the nature of this insidious habit and prevent its being 
taken up. The following methods of prevention are 
reported effective, (i) Begin to talk to the boy as 
early as his sixth or seventh year about the matter and 
make a strong appeal to his sense of honor. Do not 
be too insistent and threaten to inflict punishment, but 
indicate rather that you think him too worthy to take 
up such a practice. (2) Offer to set aside some 
material or pecuniary reward to be paid when he be- 
comes of age, provided he continues his total absti- 
nence, and add to his sentiment that he may then do 
as he pleases. Never ask the boy to pledge away in 
advance the years of his manhood. (3) Remind the 
boy in every possible way how much concern you 
have for his well being, how much you are willing to 
sacrifice for him, and how anxious you are to be true 
to him and to help him. He will then likely never 
break faith with you. (4) Keep in touch with the boy 
and know at all times his joys and hopes and aspira- 
tions. Be his companion and adviser and true friend, 
and he will respect your wishes in regard to him." * 
Mary A. Hunt states that graded instructions will 

1 Published by permission from The Macmillan Company. 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO 97 

stop the cigarette evil. She says in part: "The only 
sure way of preventing cigarette smoking in the high 
school is to begin in the first primary grade to teach 
the boy with other laws of health, simple physiological 
reasons adapted to his capacity that show why he 
should not smoke, and continue this instruction as 
a more progressive study with new matter which gives 
each year more of the physiological reasons for abstin- 
ence from tobacco in all forms as well as for the observ- 
ance of other hygienic laws. If this study is thus 
properly graded, it will be a progressive development 
and not a repetition and will send the boy to the high 
school, having been too well informed from the first 
to dull his brain or to limit his future possibilities by 
nicotine. The public school study of hygiene and tem- 
perance, which includes warning instructions as to the 
nature of tobacco and its effects upon the human 
system, is legally engrafted upon the public school 
system of this entire nation. This legislation began 
quite generally to go into force about fifteen years ago. 
If, during this time, school committees, school boards, 
trustees, and school superintendents had more gener- 
ally made a place in the school curriculum for enough 
well graded lessons to cover the subject, say twenty 
per year in the primary and thirty per year in the 
grammar and first year of the high school, with good 
books in the hands of the pupils who have books in 
other studies, there would be fewer cigarette smokers 
to-day. To limit this instruction to the high grades 
is to wait until the mischief is begun. We cannot 
undo this wrong to the children in the past, but inno- 



98 TOBACCO 

cent faces of the little ones in the primary grades 
appeal to us against the repeating of it in the future." 
Then follow statements from schools and towns where 
smoking among boys has been stopped by this method. 
The following plan for cooperation of teachers and 
parents in eliminating the cigarette is copied from the 
School Physiology Journal and is worth trying. In 
a certain school this circular letter was sent to parents : 
"We desire to call the attention of parents to the fact 
that a large majority of the boys in this city are smok- 
ing cigarettes ; that the boys who smoke are, on an 
average, one or two years behind the boys who do not 
smoke, and still farther behind the girls in the same 
grades; that the mental, moral, and physical condition 
of these boys is extremely deplorable and will certainly 
continue to grow worse unless the habit is stopped ; 
that while the schools are insisting that this and all 
other unclean and undesirable habits shall not be 
practiced in or about our schoolhouse or grounds, still 
crowds of boys are seen daily around the saloons and 
loafing places of our streets, smoking, loafing, swear- 
ing, and cultivating other undesirable habits. We ask 
that parents cooperate with us in eliminating these 
conditions so far as possible, to the end that we may 
give our future generations of young men, not only an 
education, but healthy bodies, minds, and morals. We 
would ask parents to observe from the table given, that 
the cigarette smoker is already on his way to the condi- 
tions which indicate crime, trampdom, the jail, and 
general worthlessness. Memory goes first, closely fol- 
lowed by low deportment, low rank in studies, bad 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO 99 

physical condition, and general degeneracy. We 
would also point out to parents that while pupils are 
within our domain as teachers (the schoolyard and 
schoolhouses) there will be no smoking, and that while 
we shall do all in our power to discourage it anywhere, 
we are helpless to stop the difficulty without the per- 
sonal cooperation of the parents, and we may as well 
add that we are unable to teach anything to the ciga- 
rette fiend, as his memory is a blank, his power to 
reason damaged, ability to study ruined, and usually 
his ambition to excel entirely gone. We would further 
point out to the parents of the boy who smokes that 
the desirable places in the business world are being 
rapidly closed to the cigarette smokers, and that 
already the banks, railroads, and many other busi- 
nesses by which the ambitious young man expects to 
climb to fortune and success have closed their doors 
as tightly to the cigarette smokers as to the drunken 
sot. Why? Because the business world has found 
by experience, as we teachers observe continually, that 
the cigarette smoker is untruthful, deceitful, untrust- 
worthy, and inefficient." 

After quoting the circular letter, the journal con- 
tinues : "This was plain talk, and it had an immediate 
effect. Within a few months it was estimated by the 
marshal of the town that seventy-five per cent of the 
cigarette smoking by boys had stopped, and the moral 
and industrial condition of the school was wonderfully 
improved. What had been called the worst school in 
the country was spoken of as doing good work. The 
school board raised the salarv of the teachers and 



ioo TOBACCO 

principals twenty-five per cent. The people were 
pleased, and the improved condition of the boys was 
noticeable in their language, dress, manners, efficiency, 
and in their moral tone." 

Professor Arthur Holmes, of the Pennsylvania State 
College, wrote thus in his paper on "The Psychology 
of Smoking" : "From the attempt to get at the psy- 
chological causes of smoking, we have come upon an 
inkling or two for its prevention. The cure must be 
chiefly prophylactic or preventive. If imitation is the 
chief cause for beginning the practice among boys, 
then example should be eliminated as far as possible. 
If men did not smoke, boys would not. All the appeals 
and all the legislation possible, therefore, which would 
suppress the open and overt uses of tobacco are good. 
Herein women can play an important part by the rigor- 
ous exclusion, for the sake of their young sons, of 
smoking from their own presence and from the society 
w r hich they control." 

A recent issue of the Northwestern Christian Advo- 
cate has the following: "A movement of more than 
passing importance has been started in Kansas by the 
young women who have organized into a 'Good Habits 
Club/ the purpose of which is to decline the attention 
of any young men who drink, smoke, gamble, or use 
profane language. Reports come that in communities 
in other States the young ladies have adopted the pro- 
gram, and that already the effect is seen in a lessened 
indulgence in these needless and harmful vices. The 
young women must come to realize that they are a 
prime factor in the moral character of the young men. 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO ior 

The formation of one or more of these tabooed habits 
comes synchronously with a special regard for the 
opposite sex. As long as a young man is given to 
understand that his indulgence therein need in no way 
damage the favorable opinion of young women in 
general and one in particular, he will be inclined to 
persist therein. It is with the lessening moral sense of 
the young womanhood as much as with the willfulness 
of young men that responsibility must rest for the 
growing indulgence in the habits above mentioned. 
The young woman who permits a young man to blow 
cigarette smoke in her face without objecting or listens 
to conversation tinged with profanity without regis- 
tering a protest is hardly the sort of a woman to under- 
take the lifework of conserving and culturing the 
moral character of a young man. The great majority 
of young men who to-day indulge in one or the other 
of these vices would cease to-morrow were such an 
edict to go from resolute young womanhood. Such 
an agreement adhered to would be the best insurance 
policy imaginable. May the 'Good Habits Clubs' 
spread all over the country." 

Dr. D. H. Kress says, regarding means of getting 
rid of tobacco : "Reforms must be made by fathers and 
teachers who say in all their habits of life to those who 
look to them as examples, 'Follow me/ When this is 
done our educational and legislative efforts will be 
consistent and will appeal to the youth." 

When we consider the baneful effects of tobacco 
and the stand that business often takes against it, it is 
not surprising that men sometimes fail to be appointed 



102 TOBACCO 

as instructors in certain schools because they use the 
weed. The Nebraska Teacher says: "Some time no 
one will be permitted to teach in public schools or in 
normal schools or colleges who indulges in smoking. 
... In Wisconsin, a movement has been inaugurated 
to discountenance smoking on the part of all persons, 
teachers or pupils, connected with high schools/' 

Superintendent J. K. McBroom, of the public school 
at Excelsior, Minnesota, gives the following results 
of some correspondence: "I wrote to the clerk of the 
school board of each high-school town and city in the 
State, asking these two questions: i. If you were now 
electing a superintendent, would a candidate's use of 
tobacco tend to discredit him with the board? 2. 
Would it be a conclusive objection to him? I have 
received 123 replies. Of these, 80, or nearly two out 
of three, answered "yes" to both questions; it would 
tend to discredit him with the board, and it would be 
a conclusive objection to him. Only 18, 1-7, answered 
"no" to both questions. The rest answered "yes" to 
the first and "no" to the second, or in the case of three 
or four, were non-committal. Now that means that 
when the grand annual hustle of rearrangement and 
promotion takes place next spring, at only one place 
in three will the superintendent who smokes, even in 
moderation and seclusion — at only one place in three 
will he be considered at all; and only at one place in 
seven will he be considered on an equal footing with 
the other candidates." Superintendent McBroom also 
says that "Minnesota teachers might get after the 
college professors who use tobacco; and after the 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO 103 

college or university whose atmosphere is reeking with 
tobacco smoke/' Nor is this all, for a nation-wide in- 
vestigation of conditions in colleges and universities is 
being considered. 

Whatever may be accomplished in time, for the pres- 
ent the fight for the boy and the young man must 
continue. Regarding this Dr. Arthur Holmes says : 
"For the nervous boy nothing in the world is better 
than a variety of health, invigorating, fresh air, out- 
door, physically-fatiguing exercises. When such a 
boy, or any other boy, is' given the five or six necessities 
of life like fresh air, a variety of well cooked, nourish- 
ing food, and abundance of clear, clean, water inside 
and out, eight hours of refreshing sleep, and plenty 
of play, he will almost certainly acquire such a physical, 
intellectual, and moral wholesomeness that his diseases 
and abnormal craving will disappear of themselves. " 

If the boy acquires the habit, something else may be 
necessary. The silver nitrate treatment may prove 
valuable in instances where boys and young men desire 
to be free from the habit. The treatment consists of 
swabbing the throat with a weak solution of nitrate 
of silver, accompanied by superintendence of diet for 
two or three weeks. This treatment is reported to be 
successful in most instances, but more experience with 
it is needed to make sure of its value. 

The Anti-Cigarette League of America, 11 19 
Woman's Temple, Chicago, Illinois, will gladly give 
any community directions in organizing. This league 
is a strong organization, whose officers include men 
of practical insight and national or international repu- 



104 TOBACCO 

tation. There is strength in union, and there is wisdom 
acquired from experience in this league. The league 
now has a half-million boys pledged against the use 
of tobacco and is working for as many again in the 
near future. A call has been issued to churches, Y. M. 
C. A's, other men's organizations, young people's 
societies,, Sunday schools, woman's clubs, and other 
organizations. We can quote but a small portion of 
the call,, as follows : "People of all ages and both sexes 
in increasing numbers are becoming devotees of the 
paper pipe. But it is among the youth that its blasting 
and blighting effects are most evident. Xo agency 
to-day is more productive of ills to mankind than the 
white robed, innocent-looking little cigarette. Striking 
as it does at the very fountain of life in the youth of 
the nation, the use of cigarettes is rapidly undermining 
American health and morals. Being a commercialized 
vice, the young, the weak, the unwary are the easy prey 
of blood-thirsty and conscienceless despoilers who are 
coining easy millions by the manufacture of cigarettes. 
The fight on the cigarette requires the rallying of all 
the forces of righteousness, and the Anti-Cigarette 
League of America is hereby issuing its call for a 
million recruits. A very simple plan of organization 
has been worked out, which it is believed will commend 
itself to all who are earnestly desirous of giving help. 
This plan is based on a pledged membership. A small 
fee is asked to help finance the stupendous undertaking 
of recruiting a million members in the immediate 
future." 

Manv States have anti-tobacco laws. Recentlv, bills 



HOW TO COMBAT TOBACCO 105 

have been introduced into the legislatures of Wis- 
consin and Ohio, aimed at the use of tobacco in certain 
or all of its forms, by teachers as well as pupils in both 
public schools and all higher State-supported schools. 
Conviction against the use of tobacco is growing as 
the evil becomes more and more tyrannical and dan- 
gerous, and it may be confidently predicted that such 
legislation will go into effect in many States at no very 
distant day. Already, Kansas has an anti-tobacco law 
which prohibits the use of tobacco in any form by 
minors. This law may well serve as a model for State 
laws and city ordinances. The Kansas law is as 
follows : 

"Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, 
company, or corporation to sell or give away any 
cigarettes or cigarette papers, or to have any cigarettes 
or cigarette papers in or about any store or other place 
for free distribution or sale. 

"Section 2. Every minor person and every minor 
pupil in any school, college, or university, who shall 
smoke or use cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco in any form, 
or in any public road, alley, street, park, or other lands 
used for public purposes, or in any public place of 
business, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, on 
conviction, punished for each offense by a fine of not 
more than Sio, and every person who shall furnish any 
cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco, in any form, to such 
minor persons, or who shall permit such minor persons 
to frequent any premises owned, held, or managed by 
him, for the purpose of indulging in the use of ciga- 
rettes, cigars, or tobacco in any form, shall be guilty 



106 TOBACCO 

of a misdemeanor and on conviction be punished by 
a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each 
offense. 

"Section 3. Every person, company, or corporation 
violating Section 1 of this act shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be fined not 
less than $25 nor more than $100." 

However much we may differ about the merits of 
certain statements made and some of the ideas quoted, 
the evidence as a whole shows the popular but iniqui- 
tous tobacco habit to merit the strongest possible 
opposition. Men are sometimes heard to say that there 
is another side to the tobacco question, but the writer 
knows not one strong argument in its favor. Argu- 
ments on the ground of sense gratification and social 
advantage seem to him pure sophistry when coupled 
with a habit that is amply proved to be one of the 
most dangerous to mankind. It seems perfectly safe 
to repeat that mankind will one day rise against to- 
bacco and make it as unpopular as are now some other 
drugs. The sooner the fight against tobacco is won 
the better for us all. 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 

Tobacco was investigated for the purpose of ascer- 
taining the facts regarding its merits. It would have 
been a pleasant duty to defend it, and it has been a 
most unpleasant one to condemn a drug used by many 
men. However, in face of the overwhelming expert 
evidence against tobacco and the weakness of any 
possible argument in its favor, the writer is not dis- 
posed to write one word that might influence any 
person to use it. 

We have noted the deplorable effects on boys and 
young men; have found the expert evidence to be 
overwhelmingly against the habit ; have carefully con- 
sidered the cigarette habit ; have examined the relation 
of tobacco to delinquency and degeneracy ; have looked 
into the opinion and the practice of business with 
respect to the tobacco habit ; have studied statistics on 
the enormous and sinful waste of money on a worse 
than useless drug; have touched upon the tobacco 
habit among men ; have shown how women can aid in 
keeping men and boys, from forming the habit ; and 
have considered some of the best means of combating 
tobacco. 

The evidence presented will never be controverted 
as a whole, though some of the results of study are 
doubtless faulty. Should one go into an honest study 
of the question believing that the tobacco habit could 

107 



108 TOBACCO 

be upheld, he would soon find his error. When the 
world becomes fully aroused to the urgent need of 
fighting the tobacco evil, the tobacco, industry may be 
expected to put forth arguments as spurious as those 
which the liquor interests have used. Many will be 
influenced by these arguments, but right will finally 
prevail. 

With all the facts before us, no concluding words 
can adequately condemn tobacco. Conscience may be 
stilled by indulgence, and those who do not indulge 
may be hardened by contact with the habit. Yet all 
must suffer more or less for this useless and poisonous 
drug, whether user or non-user. It may well be 
doubted whether anyone who is handicapped by such 
a habit can attain the full measure of usefulness and 
possess so good an influence as he might have exerted 
otherwise. It appears like a strong statement to say 
that everyone who uses tobacco is, in this respect, an 
enemy of public welfare. Yet the facts regarding the 
effects of the drug justify this statement and admit of 
no milder one. XTobacco squanders resources, destroys 
health, depraves morals, blights manhood, makes 
paupers of laboring men, robs families, and is guilty of 
other offenses quite as evil. The college man and the 
upright and influential business man with pipe, cigar, 
or cigarette are sowing to the whirlwind, working 
injury to themselves, and by their example causing 
injury to many who come within their influence. Every 
periodical that carries tobacco advertisements is 
patronizing one of the greatest evils of all time and 
deserves to be boycotted by all who wish to help sup- 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 109 

press tobacco. Every magazine article or novel that 
makes mention of the cigar, pipe, or cigarette is also 
helping the evil cause and deserves condemnation 
for carrying such matter. Though many excellent 
men, young and old, use tobacco, the habit is so 
detrimental that we may not expect to see any large 
proportion of those addicted to the use of the weed 
grow into a rich moral and spiritual experience not 
possessed before the habit was formed. The evolution 
is much more likely to be retrograde, as is abundantly 
proved by observation and by the results obtained by 
scientific study of the effects of tobacco. According to 
opinion and the evidence, there seems to be little choice 
between nicotine, morphine, cocaine, and opium. 
Jenkin Lloyd Jones says: "The Chinese have their 
opium joints and the American his clubhouse, where 
both absent themselves from the free intercourse with 
the world for a like reason ; one to narcotize himself 
with opium, the other with tobacco." In aggregate 
results, nicotine is probably doing more harm to-day 
than is opium. 

We have considered but a small proportion of the 
great mass of medical evidence against tobacco, nor 
can we attempt more than a brief summary here; 
Tobacco is commonly charged by the medical profes- 
sion with producing general debility, indigestion, in- 
sanity, deafness, general nervous derangement, blood 
poisoning, heart disease, arterial deterioration, cancer, 
and many other diseases. By lowering resistance, it 
invites B right's disease, apoplexy, tuberculosis, other 
infectious diseases, and many more pathologic condi- 



no TOBACCO 

tions. It stupefies the brain and weakens the will and 
the intellect. It may weaken any organ or any physio- 
logical action and cause or invite any disease. 

How a God-fearing man, careful of his influence 
and desirous of working good instead of evil can take 
up the tobacco habit or even continue in it after he 
knows the facts regarding it is difficult to understand. 
How the Christian merchant can sell the weed after he 
knows its nature is quite as great an enigma. Cer- 
tainly there can be no justification based on financial 
gain. Aiding the tobacco traffic can be only less sub- 
versive of the general good than engaging in it. The 
Master whom many of us strive to follow surely stands 
against this great evil. How can the Christian do less ? 
Finally, every man who stands for the best things in 
morals, in religion, or in both must, if he knows the 
truth regarding tobacco, use his influence in aiding 
those who are fighting the tobacco habit. 



-^_ 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Abbott, Twyman 0. The Rights of a Xon-smoker. The 
Outlook 94: 763-767. 1910. A sensible article about the 
use of tobacco on streets, in hotels, in restaurants, in public 
buildings, in parlor cars, on board vessels, in sleeping cars, 
in public and private parlors, in elevators, in dining cars, 
in theaters, etc. The article should be read by non- 
smokers that they may know their rights and by smokers 
that they may realize the bounds of propriety. 

Allen, Alfred H. Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis. 6 : 
1-721. Philadelphia: P. Blakison's Son & Co., 1912. 
Pages 242 to 252 contain a good treatment of tobacco 
from the chemical point of view. 

Allen, William H. Civics and Health. I-XI. 1-411. Illus- 
trated. Boston, New York, Chicago : Ginn & Company, 
1909. Chapter 36 contains a very sane discussion. 

Angstman, Charlotte S. The Power of the Tobacco Habit. 
1-35. Battle Creek, Michigan : Good Health Publishing 
Company, 1899. An excellent treatment of the tobacco 
problem. 

Angstman, Charlotte S. Anti-cigarette Literature. 1-9. De- 
troit : The Twentieth Century Club, 1913. The list con- 
tains most of the best articles and books. 

Black, Samuel L. The Patriot's Duty to the Boy. Sci. 
Temp. Journ. 19: 131, 132. 1910. This article is the 
result of Judge Black's experience in the juvenile court 
at Columbus, Ohio. The article should be read by every 
boy, young man, teacher, and parent. 

Black, Samuel L. An Address by Judge Black before the 
Ohio Senate Chamber, March 25, 1908. It is a strong 
indictment of the cigarette habit. The Boy Magazine 1 : 
N. S. 11, 12. Jan.-Feb., 1913. 
in 



ii2 TOBACCO 

Bodine, W. L. The Cigarette as Related to Truancy, De- 
linquency, and Crime. The Boy Magazine 6 : No. 3. 
17-23. 1907. An excellent article by the superintend- 
ent of compulsory education of the Chicago public 
schools. 

Carter, R. BrudeneM. Alcohol and Tobacco. Littell's Living 
Age 250: 479-493- 1906. The article contains a strong 
indictment of both habits, whether practiced by children 
or adults. 

Clarke, Edwin Leavitt. The Effect of Smoking on Clark 
College Students. The Clark College Record 91-98. 1900. 
Tabulates results of investigation, classifying men into 
three divisions — habitual smokers, occasional smokers, 
and non-smokers. 

Crothers, T. D. Tobacco on the Brain and Nervous System. 
Life and Health 22 : 366, 367. 1907. An excellent article 
which should be read by every smoker. 

Crothers, T. D. A Practical Experience in Cigarette Smok- 
ing. School Physiology Journal 17: 98, 99. 1908. Tells 
of a graduate in engineering who lost position after posi- 
tion as soon as it was found that he used cigarettes. 

Dowling, Francis. Tobacco and the Eyes. The Lancet-Clinic 
99 : 699-702. 1908. A valuable article based on many 
examinations and much medical treatment. 

Dunn, Percy. Tobacco Amblyopia. The Lancet 1906. 1491- 
1493. 1906. A good treatment of this disease of the eyes. 

Farnam, H. W. Our Tobacco Bill. The Unpopular Review 
1 : 3-20. 1914. An excellent article, which shows that 
an enormous sum of money is worse than wasted each 
year. 

Fink, Bruce. The Men's Meetings. The Miami Student, 
Feb. 6, 1913. A protest against calling a meeting at 
which tobacco is not passed a "smoker," the name being 
objectionable for a meeting where the best interests of a 
college are considered. A second similar article appeared 
in the same serial, Dec. 4. 1913. 

Fink, Bruce. Some Considerations of the Tobacco Habit. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 

A series of 15 articles which appeared in the Oxford 
Forum, Oxford, Ohio, from March to July, 1914. 

Fink, Bruce. The Tobacco Habit. 1-77. Miami University, 
Oxford, Ohio, 1914. 

Fisher, George J. On the Physiological Effects of Smoking, 
Health League Bull. No. 16: 4-7. 1912. Contains two 
charts and a discussion of the effects on heart action. 

Fisher, George J. Physiological Effects of Cigar Smoking, 
Health League Bull. No. 19: 3-5. 1913. Gives a discus- 
sion and a tabular presentation. 

Frankl-Hochwart, L. Von. What the Smoker May Pay for 
His Indulgence. Sci. Temp. Journ. 22: 85, 86. 1913. A 
thoughtful article by the professor of neuropathology in 
the University of Vienna. 

Gaston, Lucy Page, Perils of the Cigarette. Life and Health 
22 : 388-370. 1907. A strong indictment by one of the 
best workers in the Anti-Cigarette League. 

Gray, H. S. The Boy and the Cigarette Habit. Education 29: 
294-310. 1909, This is an excellent article and should 
be read by every young man. 

Hall, Winneld S. Tobacco. 1-36. Chicago: The Anti- 
Cigarette League of America, 1900. A symposium on the 
effects of tobacco on bodily growth, mental development, 
moral and spiritual health, physical strength, the nervous 
system, the heart, susceptibility to disease, and the drink 
habit. About forty medical opinions are quoted. 

Hall, Winneld S, The Use of Tobacco — A Personal Letter to 
Young Men. Sci. Temp. Journ. 22\ 88-90. 1913, Re- 
printed from Tobacco by the same author. 

Hamby, W, H, and King, E. A. The Cigarette and Youth. 
Cooperstown N, Y. : The Arthur H. Crist Co., 1913. 
Partly a revision of King's paper cited below. 

Hamilton, Harold. Cigarettes. 1-29. Chicago: The Anti- 
Cigarette Publishing Co., no date. "A fair and unbiased 
statement concerning this growing evil, by a reformed 
victim," 

Hervey, H, D, The Cigarette. Journ. Education 65: 485- 



H4 TOBACCO 

487. 1907. The paper contains valuable results of an in- 
vestigation conducted by H. D. Hervey, superintendent of 
schools at Maiden, Massachusetts. 

Holmes, Arthur. The Psychology of Smoking. 1-15. Hart- 
ford, Wisconsin. The Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, no date. A strong paper from the standpoint of 
the psychologist. 

Hubbard, Elbert. The Cigarettist. 1-8. Boston. The Massa- 
chusetts Anti-Cigarette League, 1905. The article con- 
tains some excellent arguments, and some valuable obser- 
vations based upon experience. 

Hunt, Mary H. The Cigarette Habit in the High School. 
School Physiology Journal 17: 116, 117. 1908. The article 
states that proper instruction from the lowest grades up 
will prevent and has, where tried, prevented cigarette 
smoking in the high school. 

Hutchinson, Woods. A Handbook of Health. I-XVIII. 
1-337- Many figures unnumbered. New York: Hough- 
ton, Mifflin Company, 191 1. The effects of the tobacco 
habit are treated very sanely on pages 103 to 107. 

Hyatt, Edward. The Cigarette Boy. 1-18. Sacramento, Cali- 
fornia, State Printing Office, 191 1. This article by the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction contains some of the 
best expert opinion and statistics, and should be read by 
boys and men. 

Hyatt, Edward. A Talk to Schoolboys. The Youth's Instruc- 
tor 60: No. 10. 22. 1912. A helpful article by the Super- 
intendent of Instruction for California. 

Ingalls, Eliza B. Give the Boy a Chance. 1-16. Illustrated. 
Saint Louis : Mrs. E. B. Ingalls, 5250 Westminster Place, 
no date. A series of quotations regarding the effects of 
the cigarette habit. 

Ingalls, Eliza B. Testimony Regarding the Cigarette. 1-24. 
Saint Louis: The National Women's Christian Temper- 
ance Union, no date. A series of quotations. 

Ingalls, Eliza B. Doors Closed and Doors Open. 1-8. Illus- 
trated. Saint Louis: The National Women's Christian 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 

Temperance Union, no date. A series of quotations re- 
garding the curtailed business chances of boys and young 
men who smoke. 

James, L. A. Cigarette Smoking Among Boys. Am. Mag. 
71 : 140, 141. 1910. Contains some valuable data on the 
effects of the habit. 

Jones, Jenkin Lloyd. Tobacco, the Second Intoxicant. 1-28. 
Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1893. A strong 
sermon against the use of tobacco. 

Jordan, David Starr. The Strength of Being Clean. 1-45. 
Boston : The American Unitarian Association, 1900. 
Treats of the effects of tobacco and other drugs. 

Jordan, David Starr. The Young Man of the Twentieth 
Century. School Physiology Journal 17 : 33, 34. 1907. 
An excellent article for young men. 

Jordan, David Starr. Three Counts against Tobacco. 1-4. 
Hardf ord : Wisconsin. The Women's Temperance Union, 
no date. An excellent argument. 

King, E. A. The Cigarette and Youth. 1-20. Cooperstown, 
N. Y. : Crist, Scott, and Parshall, no date. A valuable 
presentation. 

Kephart, I. L. An Essay on the Evils of the Use of Tobacco 
by Christians. I- VII. 1-77. Dayton, Ohio, 1902 : United 
Brethren Publishing House. An excellent presentation. 

Knox, George H. Leadership. 1-311. Des Moines, Iowa: 
Personal Help Publishing Co., 1912. The tobacco question 
is treated on pages 151 to 154 of this excellent book. 

Knox, James S. Salesmanship and Business Efficiency. 1-231. 
Des Moines, Iowa : The Knox School of Applied Sales- 
manship, 1913. Devotes pages 74 to 82 to the cigarette. 

Kress, Lauretta. Tobacco and the Home. Life and Health 
22 : 382, 383. 1907. This article by Dr. Kress contains 
some excellent advice on the responsibility of mothers in 
way of amusement and diet in the home. 

Kress, D. H. The Tobacco Habit and Race Degeneracy. Life 
and Health 22: 363-365. 1907. A short but convincing 
article by one of the most noted experts on nervous 



n6 TOBACCO 

diseases and the effects of the tobacco habit. Part of this 
article was reprinted in the School Physiology Journal . 
17 : 70. Every smoker should read this paper. 

Kress, D. H. The Latest Pathological Action of the Cigarette 
on the Brain and Nervous System. Temperance Educa- 
tional Quarterly 4 : 3-7. July, 1913. A popular statement 
by a leading medical expert, who has made a special study 
of the effect of cigarette smoking. 

Kress, D. H. Tobacco as a Physician Sees It. 1-10. Phila- 
delphia : The Sunday School Times Company, no date. 
This was written while Dr. Kress was superintendent of 
the sanitarium at Washington and is one of the best and 
most authoritative papers on the effects of tobacco. 

Kress, D. H. Why the Cigarette is Deadly. 1-3. Chicago : 
The Anti-Cigarette League of America, no date. Number 
1 of the clean life series. One of the best medical 
analyses. 

Kreuzfuchs, S. The Injurious Effects of Smoking upon the 
Blood Vessels. Sci. Temp. Journ. 20: 118. 1911. A 
translation of a German article by Dr. Kreuzfuchs. 

Lander, Meta. The Tobacco Problem. I- VIII. 1-279. Bos- 
ton: Cupples, Upham & Co., 1886. An excellent book. 
It gives a good review of opinions and scientific and medi- 
cal knowledge a quarter of a century ago. An occasional 
physician was found to favor tobacco in some respects, 
but such testimony was offset by many contrary state- 
ments. 

Leadsworth, J. R. The Consulting Room. Life and Health 
22: 372, 373. 1907. The article contains some startling 
facts, based on the practice of medicine. 

Lee, W. Emerson. The Action of Tobacco Smoke with 
Special Reference to Arterial Pressure and Degeneration. 
Journ. Exp. Physiol. 1 : 335-358. 1908. A strong argu- 
ment against the use of tobacco. 

Lindsey, Ben B. W T hat I Have Seen of Cigarettes. Sunday 
School Times, June 12, 1907. Have extract only which 
does not give volume or pagination. A strong and valu- 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 117 

able statement resulting from actual experience as judge 
of a juvenile court. 

Lindsey, Ben B. The Boy who Quit Smoking. 1, 2. Chicago: 
The Anti-Cigarette League of America, no date. Num- 
ber 4 of the clean life series. This number also contains 
short statements by Edward Page Gaston, William G. 
Burns, and Thomas Ferguson. 

McBroom, J. K. The Use of Tobacco by Superintendents 
and Principals. 1-14. Minneapolis, Minnesota : Frank 
Sewell, 1906. This paper was read before the high school 
council of the Minnesota Educational Association. It 
should be read by all who are interested in schools of 
any kind. 

McKeever, W. A. The Cigarette-smoking Boy. Home Train- 
ing Bulletin 1 : 1-15. 1905. A very excellent paper. It 
should be read by every boy, every man, and every parent. 
It may be had by addressing the author at Manhattan, 
Kansas. 

McKeever, W. A. The Cigarette Boy. Education 28: 154- 
160. 1907. Tables show the physical condition of ciga- 
rette smokers, final average grade in studies, and failures. 

McKeever, W. A. Training the Boy. I-XVIII. 1-368. pi. 
1-35. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1913. An 
excellent book for homes and school libraries. Tobacco 
is treated in chapter xiii, pages 163-179. 

Mann, J. Dixon. Some of the Effects of Excessive Smoking. 

Brit. Med. Journ. 2 : 1673-1675. 1908. The article con- 

v tains a summary of the substances found in tobacco 

smoke and discusses their harmful effects on the human 

body. 

Meylan, G. L. The Effects of Smoking on College Students. 
Pop. Sci. Mo. yy. 170-177. 1910. The article contains a 
considerable number of valuable data. 

Miller, O. R. The Devil's Kindling Wood. 1-4. New York : 
The National Temperance Society, no date. An excellent 
paper, which should be read by every boy. 

Mitchell, E. W. Tobacco and the Heart. The Lancet-Clinic 



n8 TOBACCO 

99: 702-704. 1908. A moderate and valuable arraign- 
ment based on a medical practice of twenty-five years. 

Pack, Frederick J. Smoking and Football Men. Pop. Sci. 
Mo. 81 : 336-344. 1912. Statistics from try-outs of several 
American colleges to prove that smoking debilitates. One 
of the best articles found. It should be read by every 
young man. 

Paulson, David. The Slaughter of the Innocents. The 
Youth's Instructor 60: No. 10, 20, 21. 1912. An excellent 
article for those who wish to aid boys in avoiding tobacco. 

Paulson, David. A Warning to Boys. 1-3. Chicago: The 
Anti-Cigarette League of America, no date. Number 3 
of the clean life series. A physician's advice about the 
cigarette habit. 

Pomeroy, H. Sterling. The Boy and the Cigarette. 1-24. 
Boston : The Health Education League, 1906. An excel- 
lent booklet, which contains a good deal of scientific fact. 

Rochard, Jules. Tobacco and the Tobacco Habit. Pop. Sci. 
Mo. 41 : 670-682. 1892. A good article medically and 
botanically. 

Sainsbury, Harrington. Drugs and the Drug Habit. I-XIII. 
1-307. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1909. The 
treatment of the effects of the tobacco habit in this 
authoritative treatise leaves no justification of the habit 
for anyone. 

Sandwick, R. L. Use of Tobacco as a Cause of Failures and 
Withdrawals in One High School. School Rev. 20: 623- 
625. 1912. Republished in Sci. Temp. Journ. 22: 87, 88. 
Investigations made by a high school boy. The paper 
will suggest a method for real scientific study of tobacco 
in any high school. 

Seaver, Jay W. The Effects of Nicotine. The Arena 17: 
470-477. 1897. An excellent article, which gives the results 
of nine years of record of the effects of tobacco on stu- 
dents at Yale. The paper should be read by every young 
man. 

Seaver, Jay W. Shall I Smoke or Not? 1-6. Reprinted from 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 

Men, but the volume is not stated. An excellent discus- 
sion by an expert physician and physical director. 

Seerley, H. H. The School and the Cigarette. 1, 2. New 
York City: The National Temperance Society, no date. 
President Seerley is at the head of the Iowa State Normal 
School, a life-long teacher, and speaks from long and 
varied experience. 

Shawan, J. A. In an address recently delivered, Superin- 
tendent Shewan, of the Columbus, Ohio, public schools, 
severely arraigned the cigarette habit among school boys. 
The Boy Magazine 1 : 12, 13. Jan.-Feb., 1913. 

Slocum, C. E. Tobacco and its Deleterious Effects. 1-70. 
Toledo, Ohio : The Slocum Publishing Company, 1909. A 
book containing much valuable information. 

Small, W. S. The Boy and the Cigarette — how best Present 
the Evils of Smoking to Adolescent Boys? Proc. Am. 
School Hygiene Association 3: 102-105. 1911. An ab- 
stract of an address which strongly condemns the ciga- 
rette habit. 

Smith, H. L. The Boy Who Smokes. Sci. Temp. Journ. 
22 : 92. 1913. Valuable statistics of conditions in the 
public schools at Bloomington, Indiana. Republished 
from the United Presbyterian for March 20, 1913. 

Speer, Robert E. A Young Man's Questions. 1-223. New 
York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1903. This excellent 
book contains a very helpful chapter on the tobacco 
habit. Every young man who wants to strive for 
purity should read this book. The book will make no 
appeal to the careless young man until his life is trans- 
formed. 

Stall, Sylvanus. What a Young Boy Ought to Know. 1-193. 
Philadelphia : The Vir Publishing Company, 1909. The 
book contains good advice on the tobacco question. 

Stevens, Zillah Foster. Cigarettes : A Perilous Intemperance. 
1-6. Philadelphia : The Sunday School Times Company, 
1902. The article gives a partial list of the increasing 
number of corporations, schools, and athletic clubs that 



i2o TOBACCO 

bar cigarette users or all persons who use tobacco in any 
form. 

Stewart, S. What Everybody Ought to Know about Tobacco. 
Education 32: 485-488. A strong and sensible article 
which should be read by every boy and every young man 
who uses tobacco. 

Stoddard, Cora F. Smoking as a Handicap to College Stu- 
dents. Sci. Temp. Journ. 20: 109, no. 1911. Mainly a 
summary of the work of Messrs. Meylan and Clarke. 

Stoddard, Cora F. The College Record of Ten Smokers and 
Ten Non-smokers. Sci. Temp. Journ. 20: 113. 191 1. 
A summary of results obtained by Mr. Clarke in his 
studies of students of Clark College. 

Stoddard, Cora F. The Publishers and Tobacco. Sci. Temp. 
Journ. 22: 93, 94. 1913. Shows the baneful influence of 
advertisements and illustrations in newspapers, novels, 
etc. 

Stubbs, George W. The Evils of the Cigarette. 1-18. Plain- 
field, Indiana : Printing department of the Indiana Boys' 
School, 1905. An excellent paper giving Judge Stubbs's 
views based on his experience as judge of the In- 
dianapolis juvenile court, and quoting fifty educators. 

Taylor, Charles K. The Boy and the Cigarette. The Psycho- 
logical Clinic 4: 54, 55. 1910. An investigation of 500 
boys in Germantown Academy. The usual relationship 
between smoking and scholarship is recorded. 

Thurston, Azor. Cigarettes and their Analysis. 1-38. Bull. 
2. Agr. Comm. Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. 1914. The paper 
contains some valuable analyses and an extended technical 
bibliography. 

Towns, Charles B. The Injury of Tobacco and its Relation 
to other Drug Habits. Cent. Mag. 83 : 766-772. 1912. 
A strong statement by the layman who has probably done 
most for the suppression of drug habits. The article has 
been reprinted by the International Y. M. C. A. and may 
be had in any numbers desired from The Association 
Press, 124 East 28th Street, New York. It is excellent 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 

to hand to boys and young men and could be used to 
advantage for supplementary reading in the public schools. 

Transeau, Emma L. To Smoke or Not to Smoke. Sci. 
Temp. Journ. 22 : 91, 92. 1913. A brief statement from 
the medical point of view. 

Walsh, F. C. The Truth about Tobacco. Technical World 
Magazine 21 : 180-185. 1914. A valuable article. 

Walters, Weston. Smokers Low in Scholarship. Oxford, 
Ohio : The Miami Student, May 15, 1913. The report by 
the chairman of the Y. M. C. A. committee, showing a 
decrease in number of hours work carried and in grades 
from non-smokers down to heavy smokers. 

Welcher, M. P. A Message for Mankind. 1-4. 1914. A 
strong statement in four four-column pages. 

White, E. G. An Appeal to Christian Workers. Life and 
Health 22\ 371, 372. 1907. Every Christian who uses 
tobacco should read this. It may cause him to conclude 
that tobacco using is not consistent with Christian living. 

Wills, Edith W. What the Tobacco Habit Costs. Sci. Temp. 
Journ. 22 : 94. 1913. A summary of the cost in money, 
fire losses, growth, strength, scholarship, business, 
morality, discomfort, disease, and mental health. 

Winship, A. E. The Anti-cigarette Brigade. Journ. Educ. 
(Boston) yy. 177. 1913. The article explains a plan by 
which complete breaking of the habit was accomplished 
in a high school having 125 boys so that not one uses 
cigarettes. This can be accomplished by other public 
schools in a similar manner. 

Woods, Matthew. On Certain Aspects of the Tobacco Ques- 
tion. Monthly Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine 10: 105- 
108. 1907. An excellent article, considering the effects 
on morals and health as seen by a physician. 

Woods, Matthew. What Tobacco Does Not Do. School 
Physiology Journal 18: 116. 1909. A short article in 
which Dr. Woods states that tobacco is not helpful in 
any of the ways often claimed. 

Woods, Matthew. Some of the Minor Immoralities of the 



122 TOBACCO 

Tobacco Habit. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc. Reprint of 20 
pages. Date and pagination not known. An argument 
against "the smoker" for physicians. 
Anonymous. The Cigarette. 1-8. Philadelphia : The Sunday 
School Times, 1907. The paper consists of opinions of 
educators and business men. 

Anonymous. A Cooperative Plan for Eliminating the Ciga- 
rette. School Physiology Journal 17: 56-57. 1907. The 
article shows how the teachers in one school stopped the 
use of tobacco on the school grounds and, by appeal to 
parents, reduced its use among boys in the town by 75 
per cent. 

Anonymous. Tobacco as a Great Producer of Degenerates. 
Cur. Lit. 43 : 217. 1907. The article states on the 
authority of Dr. L. Pierce Clark, neurologist of the Man- 
hattan State Hospital, that growth in the number of de- 
generates seems to be closely related to smoking through 
heredity. 

Anonymous. Some Mental Aspects of Tobacco Using. Sci. 
Temp. Journ. 19: 129-131. 1910. The article consists of 
modified extracts from an article of similar title by Dr. 
James M. Tracy in American Medicine, July, 1909. 

Anonymous. The Cigarette and Its Users. Harp. Week. 54: 
25. S. 17, 1910. A column of appalling statistics. 

Anonymous. Cigarette Smoking among Boys. Am. Mag. 
71 : 140, 141. 1910. The author claims to be a physical 
director of good experience and gives figures based on 
the examination of 500 school boys to show that smokers' 
grades are 12 to 15 per cent below those of non-smokers, 
and that smokers are commonly below average size. 

Anonymous. Why We Boys Don't Smoke Cigarettes. 1-16. 
Philadelphia: The Sunday School Times, 191 1. The 
paper consists of the quotation of many letters from boys. 

Anonymous. Smoking and Football Players. Rev. Rev. 46: 
730, 73i. 1913. A statistical abstract of Dr. F. J. Pack's 
article in Pop. Sci. Mo. 81 : 336-344. 1912. 

Anonymous. Postal Life Insurance Company, New York. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 123 

Various bulletins of this company contain valuable dis- 
cussions regarding the tobacco habit. The bulletin for 
November 20, 1913, gives the data on the relation of the 
habit to expected mortality. 

Anonymous. A Study of the Use of Tobacco. 1-5. Oxford, 
Ohio, Miami University, 1913. Mainly a compilation of 
scientific data arranged by Bruce Fink, with the aid of 
President R. M. Hughes, and a committee advisory to 
him. 

Anonymous. What Churches can do in the Fight against 
the Cigarette. 1-5. Chicago: The Anti-Cigarette League 
of America. A valuable article for church workers. 



. 



Hi 



